Engineering - Sustainability and Innovation Assignment

Building - Sustainability and Innovation - Assignment Example The spot ought to radiate warmth and certainty. Supportable development is in this manner basic to the financial, social and ecological structure holding the system together. Evaluations recommend that in creating nations about 40% of the human populace would be living in urban areas contrasted with 20% that was available in 1950. (Practical Building and Construction, 2003) Around 40,000 sq.km of cultivable land is being urbanized each year. The most noticeably awful zones that will be hit are the creating nations where framework blast is coming up in the following barely any years. It is comprehended that the structure plans are fit for enduring 80-100 years on a normal. It is in this way significant that a development having such huge scope life ought to be worked in a practical way with the goal that fits into the general condition. It very well may be contended that while lands that are utilized for water system being changed over to solid wildernesses would definitely prompt los s of cultivating and adversy affect the natural pecking order the world over, ascent in development movement would prompt increment in occupations in the development part. Assessments demonstrate that around 3 trillion US dollars are being siphoned into the development area yearly and this records for 10% of the world GDP. (Moavenzadeh F, 1994) An expected 111million laborer of which 74% have a place with the creating nations and of this 28% occupied with mechanical advancement is the thing that has been discovered per the last registration. (Supportable Building and Construction, 2003) While it can't be contended that development is a division that produces huge scope business, its disadvantage is absence of employer stability and individual medical problems of working staff. This area is likewise prevalently male and since the greater part of the employments are in the chaotic division their issues are not appropriately tended to. A study led in UK demonstrated that around 600 spe cialists kick the bucket yearly because of asbestos inebriation, 30% endure skin issue and around 40% have bone and tendon breaks. (Supportable Building and Construction, 2003) About 55000 laborers pass on every year because of development related mishaps. Condition related episodes are the following significant reason for concern which has reinforced the call all the more unequivocally for manageable development. Deforestation and illicit mining with sparse regard to the nature is unsafe to the earth. Aside from this vitality a lot of vitality is additionally devoured in moving these crude materials from its zone of inception to other creating nations. (Bossink and H.J Brouwers, 1996) An idea presented in 1970 called the exemplified vitality attempts to figure the whole vitality that would be required right from its beginning stage, transportation lastly till the development stage. The exertion consistently is to constrain the measure of exemplified vitality so one can move towards practical development. The significant wellspring of nursery outflows is typically for the creation of concrete which involves a lot of non-renewable energy source consuming. Evaluations recommend that by 1950 the CO2 discharges would associate with multiple times the current sum. (Economical Building and Construction, 2003) It has additionally been proposed that in light of a legitimate concern for the earth it is best that a more prominent structure thickness is better contrasted with a low structure thickness. This would involve

Bill of Rights, 1st Amendment and Internet Hate Speech essays

Bill of Rights, first Amendment and Internet Hate Speech papers Despise Speech is a territory in current society that has taken on assorted angles because of the changing gauges of right social conduct, and the absence of exact enactment managing this subject. As of late the most discussed subject around there has been the control of Hate discourse on the Web. This subject requires and is inciting genuine conversation as the Internet is so far an obscure element with regards to control laws also, presents because of its inborn characteristics of secrecy a test to law Directing the Internet manages such touchy issues as encroachment of human and individual rights. I feel genuine new issues have emerged from absence of enactment of the web and correction is important to this situation. Guideline of certain Internet material is required to secure the qualities the Bill of Right and the First Amendment advocate. The American majority rule government is interesting for the assurance of its progenitors to ensure human rights at all degrees of society. The constitution has needed to experience numerous phases of advancement and correction be that as it may, on paper the pattern has consistently been to ensure all people and the residents of the United States from the abuse of the state or some other type of power without due reason' and the procedure of the law'. The Bill of Rights was detailed in the late 1700's and structured so that the forces of the national government were constrained. (Glasser, 1991) Initially comprising of ten revisions a few have been included from that point forward. The Bill of Rights was anyway simply the rules, and usage on a significant number of its guidelines didn't happen consistently in all states or indeed, even until a century later. (Glasser, 1991) The First Amendment expresses that: Congress will make no law regarding a foundation of religion, or denying the free exercise thereof ensuring that the gover... <!

How the Placebo Effect Works in Psychology

How the Placebo Effect Works in Psychology Basics Print How the Placebo Effect Works in Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on October 01, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on January 13, 2020 solidcolours / Getty Images More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Is the Placebo Effect? Use in Medical Research Advantages Examples Use in Psychology Experiments Causes How Powerful Is It? View All Back To Top The mind can have a powerful influence on the body, and in some cases can even help the body heal. The mind can even sometimes trick you into believing that a fake treatment has real therapeutic results, a phenomenon that is known as the placebo effect. In some cases, these placebos can exert an influence powerful enough to mimic the effects of real medical treatments. But the placebo effect is much more than just positive thinking. When this response to a fake treatment occurs, many patients have no idea that they are responding to what is essentially a sugar pill. Placebos are often utilized in medical research to help doctors and scientists discover and better understand the physiological and psychological effects of new medications. In order to understand why the placebo effect is important, it is essential to understand a bit more about how and why it works. What Is the Placebo Effect? The  placebo effect  is defined as a phenomenon in which some people experience a benefit after the administration of an inactive substance or sham treatment. What exactly is a placebo? A placebo is a substance with no known medical effects, such as sterile water, saline solution, or a sugar pill. A placebo is a fake treatment that in some cases can produce a very real response. Why do people experience real changes as a result of fake treatments? The expectations of the patient play a significant role in the placebo effect; the more a person expects the treatment to work, the more likely they are to exhibit a placebo response. In most cases, the person who does not know that the treatment they are receiving is actually a placebo. Instead, they believe that they are the recipient of the real treatment. The placebo is designed to seem exactly like the real treatment, whether it is a pill, injection, or consumable liquid, yet the substance has no actual effect on the illness or condition it purports to treat. It is important to note that a placebo and the placebo effect are different things. The term placebo refers to the inactive substance itself, while the term placebo effect refers to any effects of taking a medicine that cannot be attributed to the treatment itself. How Placebos Are Used in Medical Research In medical research, some patients in a study may be administered a placebo while other participants receive the actual treatment. The purpose of doing this is to determine whether or not the treatment has a real effect. If participants taking the actual drug demonstrate a significant improvement over those taking the placebo, the study can help support the claim for the drugs effectiveness. While a placebo has no effect on illness, it can have a very real effect on how some people feel. Just how strong this effect might be depends on a variety of factors. Some things that can influence the placebo effect include: The nature of the illnessHow strongly the patient believes the treatment will workThe type of response the patient expects to seeThe type of positive messages a doctor conveys about the treatments effectivenessGenes may also influence how people respond to placebo treatments One study suggested that some people may possess a genetic predisposition to respond more strongly to placebos. In the study, patients who either had high or low variations of a gene that controls dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex of the brain had differing responses to placebo. Those with the high-dopamine version of the gene were more likely to experience a response to a placebo treatment than did those with the low-dopamine version of the gene. Research has found that people with the high-dopamine version of this gene tend to also have higher levels of pain perception and reward-seeking. When testing out new medications and other treatment approaches, scientists are interested in learning about whether this new treatment has value for treating an illness that outweighs any potential risks. Through their research, they want to learn if the treatment is effective, the sort of side effects it might produce, which patients may benefit the most and whether it is more or less effective than other treatments that are already available. By comparing the effects of a treatment to a placebo, researchers hope to be able to determine if the effects of the medicine are due to the treatment itself or caused by some other variable. Advantages of Using a Placebo One of the major advantages of using a placebo in medical and psychological studies is that it allows researchers to eliminate or minimize the effect that expectations can have on the outcome. If researchers expect to find a certain result, they may unknowingly convey clues, known as demand characteristics, which might lead participants to guess what the researchers hope to find. As a result, participant behaviors can sometimes change. In order to minimize this, researchers sometimes conduct what is known as a double-blind study. Such studies involve both the experimenters and the participants being unaware of who is receiving the real treatment and who is receiving a false treatment. By minimizing the risk of subtle biases influencing the study, researchers are better able to look at how the effects of both the drug and the placebo. Examples For example, lets imagine that a participant has volunteered for a study to determine the effectiveness of a new headache drug. After taking the drug, she finds that her headache quickly dissipates, and she feels much better. However, she later learns that she was in the placebo group and that the drug she was given was just a sugar pill. One of the most studied and strongest placebo effects is in the reduction of pain. According to some estimates, approximately 30 to 60 percent of people will feel that their pain has diminished after taking a placebo pill. In some cases, even real medical treatments can benefit from the placebo effect. Researchers have found that how positively the effectiveness of a treatment is conveyed by a physician has an effect on how well patients respond to the treatment. The Placebo Effect in Psychology Experiments In a psychology experiment, a placebo is an inert treatment or substance that has no known effects. Researchers might utilize a placebo control group, which is a group of participants who are exposed to the placebo or fake independent variable. The impact of this placebo treatment is then compared to the results of the real  independent variable  of interest in the  experimental group. Even though placebos contain no real treatment, researchers have found they can have a variety of both physical and psychological effects. Participants in placebo groups have displayed changes in heart rate, blood pressure, anxiety levels, pain perception, fatigue, and even brain activity. These effects point to the brains role in health and well-being. Causes While researchers know that the placebo effect works, they do not yet fully understand exactly how and why this effect occurs. Research is ongoing as to why some people experience changes even when they are only receiving a placebo. A number of different factors may contribute to explanations for this phenomenon. Placebos May Trigger Hormone Responses One possible explanation is that taking the placebo triggered a release of endorphins. Endorphins have a structure similar to morphine and other opiate painkillers and act as the brains own natural painkillers. Researchers have been able to demonstrate the placebo effect in action using brain scans, showing that areas that contain many  opiate  receptors were activated in both the placebo and treatment groups. Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that blocks both natural endorphins and opioid drugs. Using naloxone, placebo pain relief is reduced. Expectations Can Influence Placebo Responses Other possible explanations include conditioning,  motivation, and expectation. In some cases, a placebo can be paired with an actual treatment until it comes to evoke the desired effect, an example of  classical conditioning. People who are highly motivated to believe that a treatment will work, or who had a treatment work previously, may be more likely to experience a placebo effect. A prescribing physicians enthusiasm for treatment can even impact how a patient response. If a doctor seems very positive that a treatment will have a desirable effect, a patient may be more likely to see benefits from taking the drug. This demonstrates that the placebo effect can even take place when a patient is taking real medications to treat an illness. Placebos Can Also Produce Side Effects Conversely, individuals can experience negative symptoms as a response to a placebo, a response that is sometimes referred to as the nocebo effect. For example, a patient might report having headaches, nausea or dizziness in response to a placebo. How Powerful Is the Placebo Effect? While the placebo effect can affect how patients feel, studies suggest that placebo effects do not have a significant impact on underlying illness. One major review of more than 200 studying involving the use of placebos found that the placebo had no major clinical effects on illness. Instead, the placebo effect had an influence on patient-reported outcomes, particularly of perceptions of nausea and pain. However, another review conducted three years later found that in similar populations, both placebos and treatments had similar effects. The authors concluded that placebos when used appropriately, could potentially benefit patients as part of a therapeutic plan. A Word From Verywell The placebo effect can have a powerful influence on how people feel, but it is important to remember that they are not a cure for an underlying condition. By using placebos in research, scientists are able to get a better idea of how treatments impact patients and whether new medications and treatment approaches are safe and effective.

How Steinbeck Presents the Relationship Between George and...

How Steinbeck presents the relationship between George and Lennie in particular at the beginning and the end The relationship between Lennie and George is very close throughout the book. Of Mice and Men is set in the 1930s depression years in America. This means that their relationship was under a lot of strain. It was unusual in those times to be able to sustain friendships because life was all about living for the moment after America s great depression. They are in a place called the Salinas River near Soledad. John Steinbeck begins the novel Of Mice and Men with a picturesque description of the location where the reader is first introduced to the characters of George Milton and Lennie Small. The opening section of the†¦show more content†¦Lennie and George’s dream is presented by Steinbeck in order to convey their relationship: â€Å"George. Tell me. Please, George. Like you done before† This dream cannot exist without friendship. This is most demonstrable in the relationship between George and Lennie. Without the other, neither character would be able to maintain the dream. Lennie is constantly asking George to â€Å"tell about how it’s gonna be†. The constant repetition of the way things will be is what keeps the dream alive in Lennie. However, George needs Lennie just as much as Lennie needs him, which is apparent at the end of the novel. When George kills Lennie, he also kills the friendship, which results in the death of the dream within himself. Friendship is an underlying factor in the dreams of others as well. From anger and remorse to a close friendship, Steinbeck portrays many different aspects to Lennie and George’s relationship. It is the main theme in this novel and stands out as a clear point the author is trying to make. Their dream gives the reader an image of peacefulness between the two, they â€Å"got each other† and living â€Å"offa the fatta the lan†,’ is their aim. They know that they wouldn’t be able to achieve this without each other, Lennie needs George to plan the dream and George needs Lennie to keep it alive. In the end, the obstacles that Lennie has created are so terribleShow MoreRelatedOf Mice and Men - George and Lennie2356 Words   |  10 PagesHow does Steinbeck present the characters of George and Lennie? During the Great Depression of the 1930s when America was plunged into financial crisis following the Wall Street Crash of October 1929, levels of unemployment and poverty were at an all time high. In this ear life was a struggle and the mentality of society became survival of the fittest, every man for himself. Migrant workers toured the country in search of labour to provide money for food typically sent to relatives living on theRead MoreExplore the Ways in Which John Steinbeck Presents He Character of Lennie in ‘of Mice and Men’2183 Words   |  9 PagesExplore the ways in which John Steinbeck presents he character of Lennie in ‘Of Mice and Men’ In this essay I am going to be writing about one of the main characters in John Steinbeck’s novella ‘Of Mice and Men’. The story portrays the travels and arising problems of two migrant workers who share an uncommon friendship for the time and environment in which the novella is set. Lennie Small is the character I will be exploring and I will start off by giving a detailed explanation of his physicalRead MoreAnalyzing The Bonds Of Friendship Within Of Mice And Men2195 Words   |  9 Pagesthe Bonds of Friendship Within Of Mice and Men â€Å"Of mice and men† by John Steinbeck narrates a story of two friends, George and Lennie, and their lives together as farm workers in California in the 1930s. Steinbeck chose the setting to empathize the effects a simple friendship can have on someone living during that time period. In the 30s, in California, jobs were hard to get and most jobs for unlettered men like George and Lennie, was farm work. Because income was scarce, farm workers rarely had companionsRead MoreOf Mice and Men - the Importance of George Essay1858 Words   |  8 PagesSteinbecks novel, Of Mice and Men, the uniqueness of George, as a character, is already noticeable. He is described as small and quick, dark of face, with restless eyes and sharp strong features and has an obvious dominance over the relationship between Lennie and himself. This lets the reader know from a very early stage in the book that George is different, and probably the essential character. Georges character seems to be used by Steinbeck to reflect the major themes of the novel: loneliness

Human Trafficking Is A Huge Problem In America - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1542 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/05/07 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Human Trafficking Essay Did you like this example? To the dismay of many people, human trafficking is a huge problem in America. Most people would like you to believe that things like that dont happen here, that is something that happens in other countries, poorer countries, not the U.S. of A. It has become such an epidemic here, that it can no longer be ignored. Though it is currently difficult to know the exact number of people that are victim to human trafficking due to it being a hidden crime, the US is currently ranked in the top 10 destinations for human trafficking. (Hepburn, Simon 2010) I would like to define human trafficking, as it is understood by Homeland Security so when it is mentioned it will be comprehended the same way throughout, Human trafficking is modern-day slavery and involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act. (dhs.gov) Though history would like for you to believe that slavery was abolished in 1838 after the American Civil War and the Emanci pation Proclamation that was signed by Abraham Lincoln. Unfortunately, none of that is true. There is more human slavery in the world today, than ever before. It is considered a low risk, high reward enterprise since it is hard to prove and convict compared to the amount of money that is made from it. One major difference between then and now would be that back then, human slaves were property and worth a monetary value. Whereas now there is no monetary value to the person, only what they can do to make the trafficker money. Once the slave becomes of no use, whether it is from health issues or an undesirable age, they are no longer making money, so they are easily replaced. Human trafficking is thought to be the third largest criminal activity following closely behind gun and drug trafficking. (Logan, Walker, Hunt 2009) It reportedly generates a profit of $32 billion every year, (dosomething.org) Though it seems that sex trafficking gets more attention in the media due t o it being more overdramatized; labor trafficking is more common and harder to prove in a court of law. One huge misconception about human trafficking is that a person has to be transported from one country to another to be considered trafficking, however, it can take place all in one country. There is an estimated 100,000-150,000 people that the US government believes to be kept in slavery here in America. (arkofhopeforchildren.org) Common factors that lead people to become victims is often extreme poverty, they may be born in to, they may be runaways living on the streets making them easy targets for kidnapping, or they may be tricked. When someone has grown up in poverty and they are offered an opportunity to either make a better life for themselves or their children, it makes them susceptible to any promises made of a better life. Often parents in poverty are persuaded with hope. Hope of a better life, better education, or even a better life here in America, they will se nd their child away with these strangers or companies, thinking they are doing their best for their children. Not fully understanding that once that child has been separated from his or her family, communication ties will be severed, and the child will be stuck with their captors. It has been documented that families have sold their younger children because they could not afford to raise them and they would use the money made to finish raising the older child, or children, that were of working age. Some victims have fallen prey to the darkness that is in the internet, people answering personal ads, and claiming to fall in love with that person over time. Once that person has the victim believing that love is the driving force, the victim will do anything to keep that love, even if it means sleeping with Johns for money. Runaways are easy prey for human traffickers due to their vulnerability. The traffickers watch, evaluate patterns of runaways living on the streets, then the trafficker will have a better idea of what could be the selling point to get that victim to go with them, it could be food, shelter, or promises of an endless supply of drugs. It is currently estimated that over 2,000 children a day go missing in America, that is approximately 750,000 per year. Of those numbers, only 24 percent are taken by strangers, otherwise known as stranger kidnapping, which gives you approximately 175,000 that go missing or possibly taken for human trafficking per year. (arkofhopeforchildren.org). That is just children, that doesnt include women and men that are also taken for slavery. Many of the victims believe that they are taking legitimate jobs like childcare, construction, or landscaping just to name a few. They may even come to America on work Visas, but once they get here, their Visas, passports, or identifying documentation gets confiscated. They are then lead to believe that if they work hard, make enough money for their captors, they can get their documents back. Some human trafficking may appear as a legitimate business of helping people find employment or relocation for employment. Contracts are made up by the company and signed by the victim, not fully aware of what they may have just got themselves into, but since a contract was signed, they fear it cannot be undone. Once victims have themselves in a human trafficking situation they may be afraid to leave. Captors often use threats of harming family members, deportation if they are in America illegally, being put in jail. Some victims may have the lack of knowledge about alternatives, they may be kept in isolation, they suffer physical abuse, or psychological confinement. Unfortunately, in some countries it is believed that some governments or law enforcement agencies are involved or have knowledge of ongoing human trafficking events and are paid nicely to look the other way. So, if someone is here illegally, they may have several fears that prevent the m from seeking help from the law enforcement. They could be afraid of deportation, fear of not being believed, or fear that if they ask law enforcement for help, they will be turned back over to their captors and punished severely. Also, if they are involved in illegally activities here in America, they may fear being punished for collateral misconduct. Other victims may not leave the situation that they are in because they have no money, no family, nowhere else to go, which may seem worse than the situation that they are in currently. Traffickers often use shame to control their victims. So even if the victim were to get free, they have so much self-shame, they believe their families will disown them or potentially not love them anymore because of what they have done, even though the things they have done were against their will. Sometimes victims may not even realize they are victims of human trafficking and continue living the life they have grown accustom to. Its hard to believe that this crime goes unnoticed more than any other crime, since no many people are involved. What makes this crime different though is that it is hard to identify. Especially if law enforcement isnt trained on what to look for, because they themselves dont believe it could be happening in their community. People that may be here illegally may fear there will be a prejudice held against them because they arent American. They may believe they do not have rights here because they are not American. Victims that are found during law enforcement raids are often deported or arrested without a thorough evaluation about whether or no they are trafficking victims. Not only does this fail to protect and assist potential victims of trafficking but also the deportation of critical witnesses (i.e., trafficking victims) significantly weakens the case against their traffickers. (Hepburn Simon, 2010) Without educating our communities, our children, local law enforcement, along wi th the legality system this crime will not go away. It will not go away even if we turn a blind eye, or pretend it doesnt happen in our country. We must start educating people and talking about the dangers that lurk in the world. If something seems too good to be true, it most likely is too good. Children need to be taught to trust their instincts, maybe even learn to fear strangers, like it was taught to me, stranger danger. No one is truly safe from becoming a victim of human trafficking. Especially if they threaten the lives or wellbeing of families, most people will do anything to protect their families. Society has to stop being afraid of law enforcement. They were always known as the good guys and now somehow all of that has changed over time. The government needs to set a standard so that law enforcement agencies dont have a lack of knowledge about identifying crime of human trafficking, most agencies dont have specific policies, procedures, and training addressing human trafficking. (Wilson, Walsh, Kleuber, 2006) Those agencies that do have it dont have a standardization, which could also complicate taking these cases to trail. If there was more of a black and white standard, then maybe there could be a higher conviction rating. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Human Trafficking Is A Huge Problem In America" essay for you Create order

CHEM Lab Free Essays

Another source of error is that possibly the ice and salt did not get to a low enough temperature, but again I would think this would alter the results giving a higher temperature instead of a lower one. Something that would give too low a temperature is if the thermometer bulb was directly on the test tube, and the temperature decreased because of the ice/salt mixture instead of the alcohol/water mixture. This is what probably happened in my experiment. We will write a custom essay sample on CHEM Lab or any similar topic only for you Order Now Another thing that would cause the temperature to be too low is contamination in the alcohol, contributing more solute to the solution than expected. Using table salt and road salt, how would you design an experiment to determine which of these affected the boiling point of water the most? Which substance do you expect will affect it the most and why? Procedure: Weight out 1 g of salt and put it in ml of water in a test tube. Put a thermometer in and put the test tube over a Bunsen burner, recording the temperature till it boils. Assuming equal masses (1 g each) of salt, the table salt should affect it more because sodium is smaller than calcium and there would be more moles of table salt in g than there would be of road salt. Conclusion: Freezing point depression occurs when a solute is dissolved in a solvent. The solute makes the freezing point of the solvent decrease. How much the freezing point decreases depends on the immolate of the solute. The higher the immolate, the more the freezing point will decrease. The solute molecules interfere with the solvent freezing, and so the solution will have to get colder to freeze than the pure substance would. There was a large percent error in this experiment. There were a number of things the test tube and got too cold from the ice/salt mixture on the outside of the test be. Some other sources of error are measuring the alcohol or the water incorrectly. The graduated cylinder is not very accurate when measuring small amounts such as 2 ml. Some of the alcohol could have evaporated during the experiment since it is so volatile. There could have been some contamination in the alcohol, such as other solutes, that would contribute to the decrease in freezing point. I used 91% spoilsport alcohol instead of 70%, and this may be a cause of error as well. The formula holds only for relatively small amounts of solute, and maybe the 91% was too much. This experiment did not turn out as well as I had hoped. Perhaps if there were a way to keep the thermometer off of the test tube itself so that it doesn’t get so cold, that would be a better procedure. Perhaps if you could cork the test tube (if it were a large enough one to fit a cork in it) with a hole for the thermometer, then the cork would hold the thermometer in the solution instead of having it touch the sides of the test tube. No matter the numerical results of the experiment, I did learn a lot more about freezing point depression than I had known previously. That aspect of the experiment was successful. How to cite CHEM Lab, Papers

Research Critique Infection Prevention Behaviours

Question: Discuss about theResearch Critique for Infection Prevention Behaviours. Answer: Research Critique: Research critique is the critique who is getting involved to find out weakness of the research article. All the time a research article contributes an endeavour to find out a solution through the research activity. The solution may not be get reached all the time but the effort need to be authentic a research critique took and endeavour to jugged the authenticity of the research enterprise and offer suggestion to the future enterprises in that same direction by finding out the lacunas or the shortcoming of the previous research (Glanz,. and Bishop, 2010). A critical appreciation of the article Infection prevention as a show: A qualitative study of nurses infection prevention behaviours contributed by Carole Jackson ,Karen Lowton, Peter Griffiths will help to develop a proper understanding to reader as well as the future researcher regarding the effectiveness of the article and its exact contribution to the selected field. At first it is important to adopt a perspective to judge the article from the perspective of the hypothesis of the research. The key issue of this research is to find out the exact nature of non compliance and inappropriate behaviour. The hypothesis of this research is non compliance and inappropriate behaviour is one of the major cause of the dispersion of infection( Glass,. and McAtee, 2006) The research took an attempt to articulate the exact nature of non compliance and inappropriate behaviour. According to this context it can be said that the researchers remain focus to the stated hypothesis all throughout the research process. The research findings are consistent with the research direction given by the hypothesis. Aim of the research to is to find out the root causes of the dispersion of infection through the human behaviour. In this research the researchers selected a particular community for their research. The nurses are the health care professional with required qualification and professional training it also the truth that they are the people with interact with infectious person consciously. From that context one assumption can be made on the basis of vigilance this community soups to retain some professional code. The focus community of the researchers doesnt represent the mainstream population of the society. In research hypothesis there is a indication towar ds the generic behavioural practice of the common people but the health care professionals do not belong to that category(Whitley, Kite, and Adams, 2012). From this observation it can be said that the research findings may not represent the exact scenario of the behavioural practice of the common masses. The finding and the discussion section of this research article made an elaborate discussion regarding the practice of health care professional and also incorporated some subjective statements belong to them but didnt made a single indication towards the Psychological theory of Cognitive dissonance and the concept of defence mechanism. The appropriation of behaviour is largely depend up on human psychology rather than social process of reinforcement. The researcher adopted an exclusive angle towards a certain trained and qualified community and eluded the social reality. The infection may get dispersed through the inappropriate behaviour may belong to the any corner of the human com munity not from the health care professional only (Parens, Chapman,. and Press, 2006). The introduction of the article echoed the utterance made in the hypothesis and attempted to justify the stand point adopted by the researchers. The major contradiction of the whole depiction is the hypothesis described the result of certain behavioural trait in an uncontrolled atmosphere. Uncontrolled atmosphere always governs by norm that regulate society but the health care setting is a controlled atmosphere that is regulated by the code of standardization and subjected to audit on the demand of the situation. The possibility and practice of reinforcement is plausible here. Introduction attempted to justify a rational stance for an irrational choice. In research finding the issue of rationalising the irrational, got reflected the research made an in-depth analysis of the behavioural detail of the nurse community. In this course of research the researchers have taken interviews of the nurse and health professionals and collected their behavioural details for the regular practice. T he question of compliance arises in that point of time. The mechanical nature of human behaviour is lying beneath the regular movement of the individuals (Patton, 2005. ). The whole research should get governs by the psychological theories rather than sporadic information regarding the practice of health care. The major aim of any researches enterprise is to generalise the findings of research. Controlled environment is needed for certain research practice that demands environmental intervention to achieve the findings but if the controlled environment is the base of the research the findings of the research cannot work as a generalised articulation of certain common behavioural trait the whole research has been confined within certain community and representing the common trait of human behaviour The point of contr5adiction is coming out of that. The research is putting emphasise on the qualitative sampling rather than quantitative one. In order to find out the qualitative informat ion the research put more emphasis on the interview and the personal experiences of the individual.. This process will not articulate the common trend of practice. In finding the researchers indicated few points those belong to the common human nature. The issue of rationalising the irrational activity of some one or finding out irrationality in the behavioural approach of the other people rather than self are the common manifestation of the concept of cognitive dissonance. If the researcher adopt the process of Psychoanalysis rather qualitative questioner the approach of an individual will articulate the truth that can be coon and the generalization of the finding can be taken place that kindle the possibility of the farter research (Schulsinger,Mednick,. and Knop, 2012). Conclusion: In conclusion it can be said that the behavioural inconsistency not only caused the social disorder but public health disorder too that is the reason this type of research endeavour can add value to the cognitive practice of the academia. The cardinal goal of these cognitive practice should be the application of the cognitive finding for the betterment of the human life that is the reason the applied side of the research should get incorporated. Reference: Glanz, K. and Bishop, D.B., 2010. The role of behavioral science theory in development and implementation of public health interventions. Annual review of public health, 31, pp.399-418. Glass, T.A. and McAtee, M.J., 2006. Behavioral science at the crossroads in public health: extending horizons, envisioning the future. Social science medicine, 62(7), pp.1650-1671. Whitley, B.E., Kite, M.E. and Adams, H.L., 2012. Principles of research in behavioral science. Routledge. Parens, E., Chapman, A.R. and Press, N., 2006. Wrestling with behavioral genetics: science, ethics, and public conversation. JHU Press. Patton, M.Q., 2005. Qualitative research. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Schulsinger, F., Mednick, S.A. and Knop, J. eds., 2012. Longitudinal research: Methods and uses in behavioral science (Vol. 1). Springer Science Business Media.

Planning and Design of Airports

Generations of Economic Reforms in India Essays

Generations of Economic Reforms in India Essays Generations of Economic Reforms in India Essay Generations of Economic Reforms in India Essay Promotion of private sector De-reservation De-licensing Abolition of MRS.. Limit Abolition of the compulsion of the phased-production and conversion of loans into shares Simplifying environmental laws 2) Public Sector Reforms Disinvestment Corporations 3) External Sector reforms Abolition of quantitative restrictions on Imports Floating currency regime of exchange rate Full current account convertibility Reforms In the capital account Foreign Investment Liberal foreign exchange management (FEM.. Instead of FEAR) ) Financial Sector reforms 5) Tax Reforms Simplifying Broader Tax net Modernizing Checking evasion Result: Change from Command economy to Market driven economy. Didnt produce the desired results, hence need for 2nd round of reforms were felt. 2nd Generation Reforms (2000-01 onwards): 1) Factor Market Reforms (Fem..) Background: Before this, under Administered Pricing Mechanism (AMP): Petroleum, Sugar, fertilizers, Drugs, etc. A major section of these p roducts were produced by the private sectorhindered profitability. Considered as the backbone for the success of reforms In India. Dismantling of the Administered Pricing Mechanism (AMY Petroleum segment: Only Kerosene OLL and LAP remained under AMP while petrol, diesel, lubricants were deregulated. Income tax paying barnacles wont get sugar under TAPS. Fertilizers: Only urea under AMP. Many drugs were also phased out. Petroleum Fem.. Still continuing. Greater functional autonomy. Free leverage to the capital market. International tie-ups and Greenfield ventures. Disinvestment (strategic). 3) Reforms in the Government and Public institutions Also known as Administrative Reforms. Change in the role of Covet. From Controller to facilitator. ) Legal sector reforms Abolishing outdated and contradictory laws. Reforms in EPIC, Crop, Labor Laws, Company laws. Enacting suitable legal provisions for new areas like Cyber laws, etc. 5) Reforms in the Critical areas Reforms in the Infrastructure sector. Reforms in the agriculture, and agriculture extension. Reforms in social infrastructure-education and healthcare. Two segments in this type of reforms: a) Factor Market Reforms, b) a broader dimension of reforms biz. Corporate farming, RD in the agriculture sector (till now by the Covet only. But active participation of private sector felt. , irrigation, inclusive education and the health Some other areas that were addressed during the 2nd generation reforms: care. ) Increase in importance of the states as initiator of reforms and Centre to play a supporting role. 2) Fiscal consolidation in the form of FROM Act, 2003 and Fiscal Responsibility Acts (FRATS) by the states. 3) Greater tax devolution to the states. 4) More focus on the social sector especially-healthcare and education. 3rd Generation Reforms: Announced on the margin of launching the tenth plan I. E. 2002-2007. Provision for fully functional Penchant Raja Institutions (Pros). The Generation Reforms: Not an official generation of reform in India. Early 2002: A fully Information Technology enabled India. A two way connection between the economic reforms and IT with each one reinforcing the other. : Financial and Banking Sector Reforms Financial Sector Reforms: Background: A high level Committee on Financial System (CIFS) also known as Narcissism Committee I was set up on Gauge 1991 to examine all aspects relating to structure, organization, functioning, and procedures of the financial system introduced in the fiscal 1992-93. The recommendations were aimed at: ) Greater operational flexibility. 2) Internal autonomy of Sobs in their decision making. 3) Greater degree of professionalism in banking operation. Recommendations of CIFS: 1) On Directed Investment: Advised the RIB to use Moms increasingly instead of relying on CAR. RIB should pay interest on CAR of bank at a specific rate. The Covet. Should move towards market-based borrowing programmer so that the banks get benefits on their SSL investment. 2) On Directed Credit Programmer: Talks about Priority Sector Lending (SSL) by the banks. Should be phased out gradually. No more support required for priority sectors as they are already mature. Should not be a regular programmer- only in extraordinary cases such as weaker sections. Should be made temporary and not permanent. Should include only the weakest sections of the rural economy such as marginal farmers, rural artisans, village and cottage industries, tiny sector, etc. Redefined SSL 10% of the aggregate bank credit. Composition of SSL should be reviewed every 3 years. 3) On the Structure of Interest Rates: Interest rates to be determined by market forces. All controls on interest rates on deposits and lending to be withdrawn. SSL concessions and RIDE subsidies to be phased out. RIB: Sole authority to simplify the structure of interest rates. Bank rate: The anchor rate; All other interest rates to be closely linked to it. 4) On the Structural Reorganization of the Bank: Substantial reduction in the number of Sobs- mergers and acquisitions- greater efficiency. Dual control of RIB and DES, MOB should be withdrawn; RIB: should be the primary agency of regulation. Sobs: To be made free and autonomous. RIB to examine all guidelines and directives issued to Banks in the light of independence and autonomy of banks. ASS: Radical change in work technology and culture. Appointment of CM: Must be as per professionalism and integrity. An independent panel should be involved. 5) Asset Reconstruction Companies/ Fund: To tackle the menace of Naps. The Committee directly blamed the Gold and MOB for the sad state of affairs. Banking Sector Reforms: DCE 1997: Another committee set up on Banking Sector Reforms. Chairman: M. Narcissism Major Suggestions: Need for a stronger banking system; Mergers of the Sobs and Fails; The stronger ones to be merged while weaker ones to be closed. Tier banking structure suggested after mergers. ) Tier 1: 2-3 banks of international orientation. 2) Tier 2: 8-10 banks of national orientation. 3) Tier 3: A large number of local banks. Tier 1 tier 2: To serve the corporate sector. Higher Capital to Risk Weighted Adequacy Ratio (CAR). Budgetary recapitulations of the Sobs not viable and hence to be abandoned. Provision for Loan recovery to be strengthened. Naps for all banks suggested to be cut down. Rationalization of branches and staffs of Sobs. License to new private banks. Banks board to be duplicities. Board for Financial Regulation and Supervision to be set up for banks, financial institutions and NBS.

Corporate Reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Corporate Reporting - Essay Example Rather, it is important that other key steps and approaches are taken towards the need to harness all the components of corporate reporting. In this respect, research has actually pointed to the fact that the regulation of corporate reporting is the key to achieving such benefits (Lang, Raedy and Wilson, 2006). Generally, a regulated corporate reporting is one that is taken from the institutional level to the political level in that it is given governmental backing in the regulation of basic rules governing finance and accounting principles (Coffee, 2007). This is normally done when the central government wants to have a better view and understanding of what the various institutions, mostly financial institutions and ministries, are doing in their own rights to contribute to gross domestic product growth. Though many have said that corporate reporting could exist and be of benefit without the need of any regulation of it, there are many more that have refused to reason like this, cit ing a number of reasons why a regulation of corporate reporting is necessary. Focus on people and not on data A major criticism that has gone against corporate reporting is the fact that individual institutions that have been left to manage and control corporate reporting only focus on people, the institutional structures and professions, instead of focusing on actual data collection (Kothari, Ramanna and Skinner, 2009). What this means is that control has often been over the people put in charge of corporate reporting and the mindsets, culture and agenda instead of on the actual evidence they gather in terms of data. For example, instead of ensuring that the financial data that a bank supervisory produces is authentic and empirical, focus has now shifted to whether or not the people involved in the reporting have the requisite qualifications, whether they operate according to organizational culture, and whether they have their methodologies matching with corporate practice. While a ll of these checks are done, the critical need of financial data is abandoned, thereby denying authorities of the privilege of getting the actual outcomes desired of corporate reporting. As an alternative to this crisis, development of regulation for corporate reporting is suggested so that the key role of supervision would not be in the hands of the institutions who undertake the corporate reporting. This is like saying that it is important to get a different outfit to police the policeman (Demsetz, 1969). When political regulations set in, focus is not lost as there are sufficient manpower and logistics to monitor both the institutions and the data produced by institutions. System within a system Another problem that makes the development of regulation for corporate reporting important is that the system has been criticized to be a system within a system and not an independent system on its own. What this means is that there are often parallel reporting systems that are run in add ition and at concurrent times with corporate reporting (Dye and Sunder, 2001). Once this happens, the attention needed to ensure strict monitoring, and evaluation is denied. Again, it makes institutions lose focus on which areas to exactly look out for in the analysis of the success of the financial environment. The Charted Institute of Management Accountants, CIMA (2010), laments on the situation, saying that there have been the inclusion of in-house systems to corporate reporting â€Å"such as those supporting internal management information, regulated financial reporting, investor relations or voluntary sustainability reports† (p. 6). Technically, it would realized the various financial regulations outlined by the institute are subsidiary aspects of corporate repo

Kindly see the attachment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Kindly see the attachment - Essay Example Once Philip Sparke started performing, I found myself nodding along to his music, and my feeling at that instance were that the music was fabulous. His performance brought that dà ©jà   vu effect I always experience while listening to his music, except that, during this instance, the magnitude was heightened. Once, Philip Sparke was through with his performance, I was left longing for more and more. The next artist to perform was John Stevens, and before he started his performance; I was optimistic his performance would be breath taking, and he did not disappoint me when he got in stage. John Stevens is an artist, who performs classical music, and autumn falls under this category. The key music instruments, which he used during his performance, included a piano and tuba, which brought about a harmonious mood to the entire audience. John Stevens’ performance brought make memories of when I was a young kid, and my father would teach me how to play the piano. His performance brought sweet memories, which left me nostalgic. Half way through his performance, I felt uneasy and even wanted to leave the concert, but there was a force urging me to stay, which I eventually did. After, the performance of both John Stevens and Philip Sparke, I had a taste of classical music first hand, and I loved it. At this particular moment, I was enjoying every single moment, and my love for classical music intensified. I noted the talents in both Stevens and Sparke, and appreciated the hard work, as well as practices they put in order to come up with such a performance. My feelings, at that moment, were that practice makes perfect, and if these two artists had perfected their performance and made it in life, I can make it. The next artist on stage was Christian Gouinguene, who performed allegro, andante con moto, and presto. In my opinion, this was the climax of the concert, and as he continued with his performance, I was light hearted because

The Three Major Enterprise Applications

The Three Major Enterprise Applications Enterprise systems, customer relationship management, and supply chain management are three enterprise applications. Enterprise systems are based on a suite of integrated software modules and a common central database. Enterprise systems utilize enterprise software to support financial and accounting, human resources, manufacturing and production, and sales and marketing processes. Enterprise systems provide many benefits including an enterprise-enabled organization, improved management reporting and decision making, a unified information systems technology platform, and more efficient operations and customer-driven business processes. Supply chain management systems help an organization better manage its supply chain, including planning, sourcing, making, delivering, and returning items. Supply chain management software can be categorized as a supply chain planning system or as a supply chain execution system. A supply chain planning system enables a firm to generate demand forecasts for a product and to develop sourcing and manufacturing plans for that product. A supply chain execution system manages the flow of products through distribution centers and warehouses to ensure that products are delivered to the right locations in the most efficient manner. Supply chain management benefits include improved customer service and responsiveness, cost reduction, and cash utilization. Customer relationship management systems help firms maximize the benefits of their customer assets. These systems capture and consolidate data from all over the organization and then distribute the results to various systems and customer touch points across the enterprise. Customer relationship management systems can be classified as operational or as analytical. Operational CRM refers to customer-facing applications, such as sales force automation, call center and customer service support, and marketing automation. Analytical CRM refers to customer relationship management applications dealing with the analysis of customer data to provide information for improving business performance. Benefits include increased customer satisfaction, reduced direct marketing costs, more effective marketing, and lower costs for customer acquisition and retention. Exercise 2 (2 points): What are the benefits of enterprise systems? What are the challenges of enterprise systems? Benefits include creating an enterprise-enabled organization, providing firmware knowledge-based management processes, providing a unified information system technology platform and environment, and enabling more efficient operations and customer-driven business processes. Challenges include a daunting implementation process, surviving a cost-benefit analysis, inflexibility, and realizing strategic value. Exercise 3 (2 points): Search, list and describe five open source ERP Software Systems. Apache OFBix/opentaps: The Apache Open for Business Project is an open source enterprise automation software project licensed under the Apache License Version 2.0. By open source enterprise automation we mean: Open Source ERP, Open Source CRM, Open Source E-Business / E-Commerce, Open Source SCM, Open Source MRP, Open Source CMMS/EAM, and so on. Apache OFBiz is a foundation and starting point for reliable, secure and scalable enterprise solutions. Use it out-of-the-box (OOTB) or customize to suit even your most challenging business needs. With OFBiz in place, you can get started right away and then grow your operations as your business grows, without the huge deployment and maintenance costs of traditional enterprise automation systems. Apache OFBiz offers a great deal of functionality, including: Advanced e-commerce Catalog management Promotion pricing management Order management (sales purchase) Customer management (part of general party management) Warehouse management Fulfillment (auto stock moves, batched pick, pack ship) Accounting (invoice, payment billing accounts, fixed assets) Manufacturing management General work effort management (events, tasks, projects, requests, etc) Content management (for product content, websites, general content, blogging, forum, etc) A maturing Point Of Sales (POS) module using XUI as rich client interface And much more all in an open source package Compiere : Compiere (pronounced KOM-pyeh-reh, to accomplish, complete, fulfill in Italian) is an open source ERP and CRM business solution for the Small and Medium-sized Enterprise (SME) in distribution, retail, service and manufacturing. Compiere is distributed by Compiere, Inc. and through the Compiere Partner Network, a collection of trained and authorized business partners. Compiere was founded in 1999 by Jorg Janke and was a top 10 project in Sourceforge from 2002 for 4 years reaching one million downloads and 100 partners in 2006. The application and source code is provided on the basis of the GNU General Public License version 2; this comprises the Community Edition. Also available for a fee is a Professional Edition with more features, a commercial license, and documentation and support contracts. Compiere encompasses ERP functionality, but in order to avoid the duplication of information and the need for synchronization, its organized in a different way. Compiere modules are: Quote to Cash, Requisition-to-Pay, Customer relationship management, Partner Relations Management, Supply Chain Management, Performance Analysis, Warehouse, Double-entry Book-keeping, Work-flow-Management and Web Store. A manufacturing module is being developed within an independent project CMPCS ERP5 : ERP5 has been recognized, since the beginning as an innovative and outstanding ERP solution. Hence, the first deployment of ERP5 for Coramy, a European leader in the apparel industry, was awarded best ERP implementation project in the special edition of DÃ ©cision Informatique in June 2004. ERP5 is an Enterprise Resource Planning Solution published as Open Source which means transparency, flexibility and evolutivity for customers. It also means no risks of forced upgrades, guaranteed lifetime maintainability and of course no license fee and no requirement to stay with the same vendor or Service Company forever ERP5 covers accounting, customer relationship management, trade, warehouse management, shipping, invoicing, human resource management, product design, production and project management. All ERP5 business processes are implemented based on Zope transactional Workflows. Workflows directly describe the business process of the customer. ERP5 workflows can be customized through the Web and extended to fit each customer specific needs. All resources in ERP5 can be variated in any number of dimensions, providing built-in configuration for products and reduced design cost for bill of materials (BOM) and bill of operations (BOO) as well as structured rule-based approaches to complex pricing. ERP5 CRM provides an extensible solution to track customers, their career history, their relation to organizations and all related events. It includes a flexible workflow based ticket management system to support sales opportunities, support requests and non conformance reports. It can act as a consolidation solution for all contact information in an organization with full multidimensional classification and built-in LDAP interfacing. Open MFG : OpenMFG (usually abbreviated OMFG) is an open source based, fully-integrated accounting, ERP, and CRM enterprise software solution, from xTuple. Built with the open source PostgreSQL database, and the open source Qt framework from Trolltech for C++, it provides functionality for a range of businesses and industries. It includes the following modules: Accounting (multi-company, general ledger, accounts receivable and payable, bank reconciliation, financial reporting) Sales (quotes, order entry, sales reporting, shipping) CRM (universal address book, incident management, opportunity management, to-do lists, project management) Purchasing (purchase orders, receiving, vendor reporting) Product Definition (items, infinite-level bills of material, bills of operations, breeder bills of material, costing) Inventory (multiple facility, multiple locations, other advanced warehouse features) Manufacturing (work orders, support for make-to-order, make-to-stock, repetitive) Planning (Manufacturing Requirements Planning-MRP, Master Production Scheduling-MPS, Buffer Management-TOC) OpenRPT open source report writer OpenMFG runs on Windows, Linux, and Mac and is internationalized (multi-currency, support for multiple tax structures, and multilingual translation packs maintained by a global community). OpenMFG is licensed under the xTuple Commercial End User License. OpenMFG is a manufacturing-centric enterprise resource planning solution which includes functionality to cover business processes for multiple manufacturing segments, customer relationship management, and accounting. The company utilizes open source technologies, and an open source development philosophy to offer its customers a hybrid open source/proprietary solution. The OpenMFG Community (customers, VARs, development partners), all get the source code and have the ability to contribute back to the base application Open Pro : OpenPro offers business software solutions for every company looking for more value and more features from their ERP solutions. Since 1998 we have been delivering Web-based ERP software solutions to small and mid-sized companies, and international enterprises. OpenPro supports most industries with a complete ERP software solution. As a provider of manufacturing ERP software, OpenPro excels in providing a full suite of applications within six modules: distribution, financials, manufacturing, customer relation management, e-commerce and systems. With its modular design, customers can select the software capabilities that meet their needs, confident in the ability to expand in the future within the ERP software suite. The enterprise distribution software module provides features including sales order processing, warehouse management, inventory control, and purchasing, plus other features; The financial module includes General Ledger, job cost, AP and AR, check reconciliation, fixed assets, payroll HRS, and budgets; The manufacturing module includes MRP II, capacity requirement planning g, bill of materials, product routing, master production scheduling, shop floor control and bar coding; The Customer relationship management module provides CRM capabilities to support sales; The e-commerce module supports customer-to-business transactions, business-to-business transactions, and credit card processing. The system module provides a wide variety of capabilities to make the system as user-friendly and useful as possible, including workflow management; document imaging; communications; information management system; CMM; knowledge base; and report writer, with a multi-language and multi-currency capability. Exercise 4 (2 points): Describe the balanced scorecard model and its role in ESS? In 1992, Dr. Robert Kaplan and Dr. David Norton developed the Balanced Scorecard as a financial and non-financial performance measurement technique that combines several factors to give management a balanced view of their company. The Balanced Scorecard Institute defines a balanced scorecard as, a strategic planning and management system that is used extensively in business and industry, government, and nonprofit organizations worldwide to align business activities to the vision and strategy of the organization, improve internal and external communications, and monitor organization performance against strategic goals. Why balanced scorecard become necessary with many organisations? According to Kaplan and Norton, companies are using the balanced scorecard to drive strategy execution, clarify and identify strategic initiatives, and conduct strategy performance reviews to better understand their company. The decision to use a balanced scorecard should not be made lightly, and the addition of the balanced scorecard to a company is not just a one-time process, it is an evolution and continuous monitoring of company performance and should be considered a long-term investment. In particular, the Balanced Scorecard Institute includes a nine step process that has been developed for building and implementing a balanced scorecard. They are: Assessment Strategy Objectives Strategy Map Performance Measures Initiatives Automation Cascade Evaluation Nowadays, use of technology through automation is becoming a necessity for companys who want an effective scorecard process implemented. In step seven, automation, performance measurement software is applied so that managers and knowledge workers get the information they need when they need it. The addition of automation to the balance scorecard implementation assists in transferring information into knowledge and pushes the information through the system. It helps make better decisions more quickly. Meanwhile, executive support systems (ESS) can be built into many different specific software systems. The balanced scorecard is a specific ESS software program built to help organizations thrive in the economy. The balanced scorecard is an analysis tool to predict outcomes using current raw data. The balanced scorecard is a financial picture of the organization that can be analyzed and used to enhance the future. The balances scorecard also enables organizations to translate a companys vision and strategy into implementation working from perspectives: Financial perspective Customer perspective Business process perspective Learning and growth perspective A balanced scorecard is a framework that not only provides performance measurements, but also helps business planners identify what should be done and what should be measured. It also provides a clear vision as to what a business should measure in order to balance the organizations financial perspective. The balanced scorecard is an executive support management system that enables organizations to clarify their business or organizational visions and strategies and then translate them into an action plan. In addition, the balanced scorecard is known as a specific executive support system that is used to enable an organization to better manage its parts to make a more congruent and successful whole. Balanced scorecards use existing data assess performance, to predicts future trends and supplement future business decisions, much like ES Systems. The inventors of the balanced scorecard Kaplan Norton use this balanced scorecard system model to guide and evaluate businesses through the information age; Exercise 5 (2 point): What is a digital certificate? How does it work? A digital certificate is an electronic credit card that establishes your credentials when doing business or other transactions on the Web. It is issued by a certification authority( CA ). It contains your name, a serial number, expiration dates, a copy of the certificate holders public key (used for encrypting messages and digital signature s), and the digital signature of the certificate-issuing authority so that a recipient can verify that the certificate is real. Some digital certificates conform to a standard, X.509. Digital certificates can be kept in registries so that authenticating users can look up other users public keys. One widely-used tool for privacy protection is what cryptographers call symmetric or secret key encryption, called that way because one encryption key is used to both encrypt and to decrypt information. This key should obviously be kept secret from anyone not authorised to decrypt the information. Your log-on password, your cash card PIN, and the information you type in to enter your online bank accounts are all examples of secret keys. You share these secret keys only with the parties you want to communicate with, such as the bank or credit card company. Your private information is then encrypted with this secret key, and it can only be decrypted by one of the parties holding that same key. Despite its widespread use, this secret-key system has some serious limitations. As network communications proliferate, it becomes very cumbersome for users to create and remember different passwords for each situation. Moreover, the sharing of a secret key involves inherent risks. When you give your mothers maiden name over the telephone, how do you know you can trust the party on the other end of the line? Can you be sure it is really the credit card company you are talking to? Can you be sure nobody is maliciously listening in? If you give somebody your mothers maiden name and that person abuses it for their own gain, how can you prove you did not authorise their use? Digital Certificate technology addresses these issues because it does not rely on the sharing of secret keys. Rather than using the same key to both encrypt and decrypt data, a Digital Certificate uses a matched pair of keys which complement one another. In other words, what is done by one key can only be undone by the other key in the pair. In this type of key-pair system, a user holds onto a private key and never gives it to anyone, while widely disseminating a public key. Any information locked with the public key can only be unlocked by the corresponding private key, and vice versa. Since the public key alone does not provide access to communications, users do not need to worry about who gets hold of this key. For example, for the purposes of securing e-mail, key pairs can work in the following two ways. You can digitally sign your e-mail by enclosing an electronic stamp constructed by using your private key. When your recipient gets your message, their computer checks this stamp to see if it can be decrypted using your public key. If successful, the recipient knows that the message can only have come from the holder of the private key. Someone who wants to send you private e-mail can use your public key to encrypt the message. When you get the e-mail, your computer checks to see if the public key used to encrypt the e-mail is a valid match with your private key. If the match is successful, the message gets decrypted and you can read it. Anyone who receives your e-mail but does not hold your private key will be unable to decrypt and read the message. A Digital Certificate makes it possible to verify someones claim that they are the rightful owner of a given key, helping to prevent people from using counterfeit or stolen keys to impersonate other users. Used in conjunction with encryption, Digital Certificates provide a more complete security solution, assuring the identity of all parties involved in a transaction. Because a Digital Certificate uses and supplies us with the tools of cryptographic technology, it provides us with the ability to digitally sign documents or transactions, or to verify the signatures of others. It enables us to make documents or transactions only readable by those that we designate. Because Digital Certificates bind a public key to an individual or organisation, in a trusted manner, we can be sure of the identities behind these operations.

Management accounting and decision making Essay

According to Burger (2008) â€Å"Accounting is the language of business. A lot of people think it’s just numbers, but it’s really a lot more than that. There are a lot of areas outside of numbers that need to be looked at, processes and procedures, what the tone of the company is. Accounting will take you in just about any direction in a company.† ~ Wade Becker, CPA, Beard, Miller Co. The job description of many professions is changing nowadays. The skills to perform a certain job require more skills to perform a particular job. If an example of Information Technology is to be taken then it is realized that once they were left to do IT related jobs or make computers work however, in today’s world IT professionals are now moving into higher level management positions which require them to perform many other tasks which may not be directly related to the their profession. Therefore, a stereotypical role of an accountant was once considered a â€Å"number person† but today’s era demands accounting professional to own and use interactive and communication skills to help with the decision making process across all areas of a business. In a managerial accounting world all professionals must communicate their ideas to other companies using ways which are tactful and effective. Siegel (2000) states that â€Å"Management accountants should be great communicators.† Durry C (1992) believes that management accounting is â€Å"concerned with providing information to managers –that is people inside an organization who direct and control the operations.† In the 19th Century financial accounting was considered to be the need of a society which later evolved to Management accounting. Management accounting became a prerequisite for more detailed information for stock control, product costing and decisions affecting the future. Accou nting is facing numerous challenges, as Elkington (1998) states â€Å"business people must increasingly recognise that the challenge now is to help to deliver simultaneously economic prosperity, environmental quality and social equity.† All this is making business managers to re-examine the practices that are currently led. Cokins G and Hicks D believe that Managerial accounting is part of an organisations management information system. To follow any business or an organisation aim managers engage in activities which involve an effective cost model as it can be a great asset to an organisation. A business or projects to be a success or failure three things need to be considered, for  example, cost, schedule and performance. A project should be continued within the means provided otherwise stakeholders struggle to finance the project and its abandoned. A success of a manager is when appropriate tools are employed and sound safe decisions are made and follow on with applying substantial level of expertise to have effective cost management. The world today is surrounded by increasingly advanced technology such as computer assisted manufacturing and flexible manufacturing systems. According to Cokins and Hicks organizations to compete effectively need to understand the cost of each product or element of their value chain from product design and purchase of material therefore internal cost is very important as mentioned in Cokins and Hicks article because it becomes critical for competitive action and increasing shareholders wealth in the current globally competitive economy. Management accounting systems are the benefactors of the precarious internal cost information. There has been few criticisms leading to the literature of Management accounting system and it has been labeled outdated and there has been criticisms linked to its consistency as it has been thought that it does not provide consistent information with the current strategic management paradigm. Cokins and Hicks believe that systems designs elements should capture the fundamental technology, promote a business based on effective cost model, quality and lead time. Precise and appropriate cost information is critical to management’s decision making procedures (Cokins and Hicks) and the literature being studied reveals Management accounting system reflects the organizational complications of the current world however traditional Management accounting systems do not replicate current organizational era as all costing procedures were designed around late nineteenth century. In traditional era product line diversity was not very common and cost of materials and direct labour were the main components of production cost but the environment today is surrounded around advanced technology and automation and that has led the prime cost to be the overhead component. The overhead costs are altering product cost because of the old management accounting system techniques. Management accounting needs a unique set of skills and behaviour. According to Cokins and Hicks Accounting Management framework gives business a planned approach to address all factors that will manage accounts interface and todays reality. Cooper and Kaplan believe there are six critical factors which play a crucial role  in Accounting Management framework which also backs Cokins and Hicks journal being studied for this assignment. The first one is organizational structure. It includes factors such as whom and how you manage accounts, why and how you organize around them. The second account management success factor is people as they need the appropriate skills, knowledge and skills to experience and perform the role. The third factor is tools and technology as it must support the account management processes and must balance â€Å"help† as â€Å"control.† The fourth one is compensations structures as they can inhibit change or accelerate adoption. The fifth account management success factors are processes and methodologies as they should align with the customer, drive growth and opportunity plan and the last factor channels and alliances must be managed effectively through the account manager interface.it is up to an organization to structure their useful employees around their key customers and that can create a deep impact on their performance. First few deliberate decisions need to be taken in terms of placement of accounts management resources such as market and territory. Cokins and Hicks believe management team need to plan using methodology a number of factors to create a ranking based on the business goal for the affiliation and ability to deliver. Once these methodologies are selected they can play a vital role in team structure and it will help to deal with issues such as ownership or shareholders Cokins and Hicks discuss the difference between cost accounting and managerial accounting and the strength of their article is that managerial accounting is tied with GAAP whereas cost accounting is used within a business to manage that particular business. Accounting standards of a country provide guidelines to an accountant so they can be used while reporting economic transactions of a business. United Kingdom accounting has improved a lot as mentioned in the journal being studied for this particular assignment. Managers have immense pressure to improve financial management practices to improve service to the community and it is not only done on national level. Managerial accountants have to keep accountant standards fair globally and that is mainly done through Accounting Standards Committee. â€Å"What gets measured gets managed, What needs managed gets measured† (Peter Drucker) famous quotes has cause many criticisms but if the practices and development mentioned in Cokins and Hicks journal are to be analyzed, one can conclude this quote has some truth. Managers of a business  often use this quote indicates that active management of businesses should be given importance instead of accountability to gain desired goals. It w ill lead to survive in today’s world of information age competition therefore businesses should ensure they are using management systems resulting from their strengths. Any business main task is to develop an active measurement system as it is main part of the management process. Good management practices lead to using certain measures to plan, implement and improve certain aspects of an organization. According to Kaplan, (1994) measurement is a difficult task because it is not related to science so there are no facts and does not have rules between variables. Furthermore, systems which are used by management accountants will make sure that actions are taken according to the strategies and objectives developed. There has been an immense amount of research on management accountants and the research evidence has proved that businesses which are using a developed measurement system are developing and gaining profits therefore, Gates (1991) states â€Å"an organizations objectives and severity of measures, varies, depending on people, culture and past experiences of the organization.† The management accountant was developed after 1980s and it was seen a golden era in management accounting research as it saw new techniques and practices beneficial to the management accounting. One of the techniques developed in 80s was strategic management accounting and some of the processes which fall under the category of strategic management accounting are activity based costing and balance scorecard. The balance scorecard emerged after it was realized that there is a need of an integrated system which can be used to measure both financial and non-financial performances. It helps companies to view their performances on a regular basis and it gave a clear view of what should be measured in order to balance a particular business financial perspectives. The balance score card consists of four functions known as learning and growth perspective. It means how to achieve a certain organizations goals and how will a business will sustain its ability to change and improve. the second perspective is financial and its aim is to succeed financially and is mainly concerned with making a good impression to shareholders. Another perspective is based on customers as they can determine sales and to achieve business goals a good impression is to be made upon customers. The last perspective is known as internal business  processes. It mainly deals with how to satisfy customers and shareholders and what business processes must a certain business excel as. (Kaplan and Norton:1996) Balance scorecard is one of the necessities for any organization and it is used by the management to accomplish vision and strategies of an organization and it has few other benefits too such as, making sure managers are managing every single variable within an organization and are not working upon favoritism. If more developments are to be discussed and strength of Cokins and Hicks journal than one must not forget one of the major development in an accounting field known as Activity-based costing. Kaplan and Cooper gave this idea a new beginning as it was not very well known in previous years. According to Kaplan (1996) manufacturing costs are determined by amount of â€Å"activities† and the key to effective cost control is maintaining the effectiveness of the act ivities ABC recognizes better cost pools for indirect costs and then implies cost drivers to relate the expenses in the cost pools to activities of an organization. ABC has become more popular in recent years but faces a lot of criticisms too due to the fact that sometimes businesses face difficulties in implementing this technique. ABC is enhanced further by Activity-based management as they believe in planning and measurement and class them as key factors in a competitive business environment. To conclude, If an organization has accounts managers or not a success can only be achieved if a successful profile is valued. It can be done through an industry as it will help determine to what extent an account manager is an industry expert and the second is through customers as it is vital for an accountant to understand the businesses being worked upon. The profession Accountancy has seen many developments and criticisms however, since 1980s there has been many changes in management accountancy. The new changes are focusing on measurement tools within a business to manage its aims and objectives. Management techniques are discussed briefly in this essay and they emphasize on Cokins and Hicks journal that management decisions can be made better by using effective management measurement tools and it leads to improving the management of an organization. There can be problem with new measurement techniques as nothing in life comes with a guarantee however, new ideas can be used on the basis of guess work and the new contributions could be a way forward.

Two Methods of Losing Weight

Two Methods of Losing Weight Teri Holland-Hill Com/155 November 11, 2012 Meghan A. Anderson A high protein diet and exercise vs. Gastric bypass are two different approaches to the same conclusion, one involves major surgery the other a lifestyle change. A newsletter from the Wolfe Clinic stated that by the end of an average lifetime, a person would have consumed between 60,000 and 100,000 pounds of food. It would be good to know, that eating that amount of food is more healthy than not. Maintaining a high protein diet combined with exercise is important to a person’s health. I.Visiting the Doctor First A. Asking the right questions B. Lab Work II. High Protein Diet A. More meat, Less Vegetables and Carbohydrates B. Number of Meals A Day C. When To Eat III. Exercise A. How Many Times a Week B. Exercise Programs Home or Gym IV. Gastric Bypass A. The History of Gastric Bypass B. The Cost Visiting the Doctor Before beginning any diet and exercise program, it is important to see th e doctor, ask questions, and pass a health exam before proceeding. In order to be successful in the execution of a plan, the groundwork must be laid and have a solid foundation.Asking the right questions and formulating a plan or a roadmap is important when beginning to develop a weight loss plan. Not all body types can succeed on the same weight loss plan, some need more diet changes and some need more exercise. Once the doctor has gathered all the information and he has answered all questions, the next step would be lab work. The lab work will make sure there is no underlying condition that may slow things down. High Protein Diet Researchers have stated that high protein diets are the most popular because they do a better job of satisfying hunger than fats and carbohydrates.Participants in a study published by the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition reported higher weight loss when they deleted 20% of the fat from their total calories, 30% protein was increased, and 50% account ed for carbohydrates. That is still a high ratio of carbohydrates but as long as there is an exercise plan to go along with the diet, burning them off should be no problem. Another point to consider is number of meals to consume each day. Eating smaller meals more often may be better for a person’s particular metabolism. Life is fluid.We never know what is going to transpire when we will wake in the morning, so having an adjustable diet plan might be important. Other variables to consider are energy level, stress levels, and getting enough rest. One must maintain a high enough energy level to keep going throughout the day. Managing stress levels and making sure to get enough rest each night will go a long way to helping achieve definite weight loss goals. The key is to make every effort to maintain the diet once it is started, bearing in mind to keep it skewed towards higher levels of protein.Many have asked the question, when is a good time to eat, before exercising or after ? According to experts and researchers in the field, it is advantageous to feed the body before and after exercising, as this is most beneficial in helping to burn more calories. Some people will skip meals because they think they will lose weight faster, but the body goes into a survival mode drawing protein from the muscles, therefore causing loss of muscle mass. With the proper diet and the correct number of meals, the liver and kidneys are where the protein is normally stored.So if the subject is consistently missing meals when exercising, not only are they slowing metabolism but also depriving the body of the fuel it needs to complete the workout, thus sending the body to another source for protein, the muscles. Therefore, loss of muscle mass minus protein equals a slow metabolism, which makes it harder to lose weight. When eating, the meal should not be too heavy while still providing enough energy for the workout. The meal should include complex carbohydrates and a protein. S ome examples of meals are brown rice, which has a nutty flavor, broccoli, and beans are a good source of protein.For snacks, try apples, nuts, bananas, and even a good fiber bar etc. Stay away from processed foods and packaged foods as they have too many chemicals that the body does not need. It can be as simple as eating a hamburger without the bun or baked chicken instead of fried. There is a multitude of sources for protein, it is all about keeping an open mind and trying not to limit them. Exercise A question that seems asked quite often is â€Å"how often should a person exercise? † This all depends on what one wants to accomplish.If a person is looking to build muscle, working out every day is what they will have to commit to or if they just want to get in shape, once every three days for about two months is good. However, if one has never worked out, or it has been years since they have worked out, they need to take things slowly and not rush. Pacing oneself and if the y need to stop or cannot finish the whole workout, that is ok. It is better to be safe than sorry! Exercise Programs: Home or Gym Another question that seems to be on the minds of some is â€Å"where is the best place to exercise? This is a simple answer exercise wherever is the most comfortable surroundings. Whether it is going to a gym or exercising at home, the environment should be conducive to achieving a positive outcome. Gastric Bypass Not everyone can lose weight simply by diet and physical exercise some have to take a more radical approach. One example would be Gastric Bypass surgery. This type of surgery is for morbidly obese people who have tried losing weight on their own but have run into roadblocks or through no fault of their own cannot accomplish their goal.For these people there is a procedure called Gastric Bypass. Although it was first attempted in the 1950s it is only recently, within the last 15 years or so that it has become popular as an extreme measure for w eight loss. As with any surgical procedure, gastric bypass surgery is a serious undertaking that the doctor will approve when all other weight loss attempts have failed. Additionally, gastric bypass should probably only be performed in cases where the person is 100 pounds overweight or more.It is important to make sure that the patient is willing to follow through after the procedure and change their diet and eating habits, as well as getting more exercise. In a recent study of gastric bypass surgeries with a five year follow up, of 88. 6% of patients contacted, 93% of obese or morbidly obese patients and 57% in super obese patients managed to keep the weight off. The average cost of gastric bypass surgery is between $25,000 and $35,000 dollars, with complications in some cases driving the cost even higher.Unfortunately, this is an extreme hardship financially for those without insurance to cover the procedure. Conclusion We have looked at a couple of different methods of weight los s. One involves behavior modification in terms of diet, meal planning, and exercise, the other involves a more radical surgical procedure. Either way the benefits to the patient will be a healthier lifestyle and a longer lifespan. Each patient is an individual and the type of plan that works with one, may not work with another.Flexibility, desire, determination, and responsibility are all important if the patient desires a successful, positive outcome to their weight loss plan.References American Journal of Clinical Nutrition http://ajcn. nutrition. org (n. d. ) retrieved from http://WebMD. com/diet/guide/high-protein-diet-weight-loss Annals of Surgery 2000 April; 231(4)524-528 http://ncbi. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC1421028 MacLean, L. MD, FACS, Nohr, C. MD, FACS, Rhodes, B. PDt, MSc (Nutr), FDC Wolfe Clinic (n. d. ) retrieved from http://thewolfeclinic. com

Companies Within The Internet Industry - 1871 Words

Industry Summary Companies within the internet industry are built to produce content or provide services to deliver content according to the search queries of the end user. Companies or persons that create content on the internet range from a simple â€Å"Mommy blogger† to major corporations. As mentioned above, there are large companies that build search engines for people to find specific content that they desire. These companies include Microsoft (Bing), Yahoo!, Google, and Facebook. Products within the industry vary from search engines, to internet marketing platforms, to content creation (i.e. blog posts, videos, social media platforms, news, etc.). This industry is currently catering to the use of 3 billion plus users on a daily basis.†¦show more content†¦As this industry has evolved over the years, it has become a major part of today’s society through the improvement of search engines, social media, and the ability to access any sort of information that exists in the world in a very short amount of time. Overall Industry Growth: Analysis of the Industry Key Trends Company Growth Plateaus: It is common in the industry for companies to have rapid growth in the beginning of their lives through the excitement of â€Å"the start-up† process and development. However, there comes a point where companies need to have branded themselves well enough for them to stick in the minds of the consumers and it becomes increasingly difficult to grow. It is much easier to gain market share when the new â€Å"cool† idea hits the market but it is much more difficult to maintain that level of growth as the consumer â€Å"gets used to† the company platform. (I.e. Facebook growth from 2008 – 2009 wat 186% but then from 2011 – 2012 growth was only 43%) Importance of Branding: It is becoming increasingly more important for companies to brand themselves so that they stand out to the customer. This has more recently become more difficult to do as the internet becomes flooded with more and more content daily. The average consumer can be captivated by one viral article or video one day but forget about it tomorrow. Advertising: This is where the internet industry is able to make most of its income. Companies like