Impact of Information Technology on Human Resources

Impact of tuition Technology on Human ResourcesCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONBACKGROUND OF THE TOPICTechnology has affected ein truth aspect of valet life. Every field of business has been affected by it. It has changed the trends of living of adult male ,the path we communicate, the way we learn, the way think. It has a great impact on private and business sector as well. It provides huge opportunities to help the stand upment of business. Due to applied science much impossible things c only for been become very easier for businessmen. It has decrease the large need of employees, unless increased the efficiency of wreak. In bypast times which sprain required a quid of volume and a roundabout of time to be completed, nowadays only single soul finish that survey in in force(p) few minutes.For example, in past time the work of typing required numerous hoi polloi to do that work, scarcely now only a man merchantman do that work in just few seconds.So we see how applie d science is bear on our business. Human option management besides has its great influence. Technology has affected directly arrangements and HR functions. It has rough positive and negative influences on HRM physical compositions and its functions.In this dissertation researcher have going to handle the influence of breeding technology and telecommunications on human imagination management. What ar its impregnable and bad effects on HRM, researcher leave behind discuss in this dissertation.A) POSITIVE IMPACTS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS ON HRMIn past few years it was a belief that human imagery managers economic consumption technology only to fulfill few needs much(prenominal) as administrative tasks. But nowadays it is no longer like this, these days the whole structure of business depends upon technology. A single step undersurface non be taken only without the think of information technology.The rising growth and development of business wil l depend on the use up knowledge of technology, information technology and services provided by them (Barley 1996).So these days information technology is helping businesses to grow and to develop on a large scale. It helps managers to recruit effectual employees, to save their personal information, for the penury and good leadership if the employees, to finding new techniques of work, to increase profit and for future planning for business.So lets discuss the positive impacts of technology on human resource managementRecruitment of new employeesAs we see these days maximum people rely on the net income, and concord to the predictions of researchers number of people who use internet is growing in millions every year.Well educated people, who have skills and full of ambitions, regular working with information technology and communication, have to a greater extent influence of information technology (Bola and Truman, 2003).So many companies be taking advantage of this thing the y are recruiting efficient, skilled and passionate people online according to their needs. This procedure of recruitment is very oft beneficial for the employers, one side it provides those efficient employees and on the another(prenominal) hand it is very cheaper and the third thing is it is a very fast-flyinger way of recruitment.By postal or any other way only limited people mint be informed for the companys requirement, solely via internet hundreds of people can be attracted by your telephone circuit and company. So we see information technology has made recruitments very easier.To save employees full dataBecause of information technology the whole data of each employee can be saved for years. Means even after 50 year it can be con immobileed that who worked on which post that time. An employees personal details, job title, post, pay, duty hours etc.can be saved for future use. Even his or her performance at work also can be measured, an organization can come to know tha t who is performing in the favor of the company and when time comes he or she can get publicity or can be fired from the job due to bad performance.On the other hand organizations required to save employees skills, work experience, his efficiency on work and his performance in previous(prenominal) job and his salary for that job. These totally things organization can get through internet can save on their system.This information that unwavering can use in future, and if any employee needs any additional tick offing then that firm can arrange it for him.Organizations are finding new shipway of workBecause of developments of technology and communications now organizations are finding new advanced ways of work.Communications and information technology is providing a wide range of opportunities to organizations to perform well (Lindstrome, mob erg and Rapp, 1997).These days organizations are gaining new ways of ways of work which are more efficient, advanced, and useful for them. By using these ways they are getting more productivity and more presence of employees at work.ExampleThe nigh relative of changing ways of work due to technology is teleporting, in which method an employee of an organization can do his or her job sitting at home even in his bed.In this term of work, work comes to the worker non worker goes to the work (Niles, 1998).Because of this term of work an organization can save a raft of money. If they will do work at offices then organization would have to provide a divide of facilities to the employees, like a table, chair, computer, and a flowerpot of other things just in teleconferencing an organization can save the cost of all these things.There is another term of work which is being used in go steady oriented work with subcontracting. Today most skilled and ambitious people do not want to be bound with a company and organizations also hire those people who are necessary for their vagabonds they need their assistance for work ju st for a limited time of period. So those people are not formal members of the company. It is very beneficial for the firms because they can get 100% realises of the skills of that man, and they need not to employee him for a long time and if firm starts a new project then they can hire another man required to that project.A huge number of people who work for an particular organization may be still work for the homogeneous job in future, but a slowly growing small number of people will not work like this. Part timer workers are the contractors for a limited period of time for an organization, (Ducker, 2001).Better information managementBecause of information technology and communications storage of data and information has become so easier. IT is providing a lot of possibilities for the betterment of information management in organizations.By using IT an organization can comfort its information from outside world and IT also provides simple storage, maintenance, and sharing of information among organizations members. These all are the essential tasks for a better information management (Marched et al. 2001).Information technology helps to mend the performance of a business so to improve the performances.For the motivation of employeesInformation technology helps organizations to motivate its employees for better performance. They can offer their employees much psychological, financial reward. An organization can offer many beneficial policies to its employees, by these rewards an employee tends to be honest with his work the organization can achieve its goals because without the co-operation of employees organization cannot be successful.Because of information technology we can think of many changes about the motivation of an organization employees (Bola and Truman, 2003).So we can say that information technology helps a lot for the motivation of the employees, an organization can allow them to know how it is going to satisfy its employees. Like this it can attract other firms skilled employees who are unsatisfied with their firm or organization.Technology used in readying of employeesNowadays many companies required employees trained with modern techniques of information technology because technology is developing with a fast pace and to compete in the industry organizations need employees with the knowledge of modern technology. Organization using technology for the pedagogy of employees, they can train them according to their requirements in a particular skill and they can be used for organizations favor and these trained workers can proved to be a profitable addition for the organization. Organizations need not to recruit a large number of employees, who are not perfect for that job, organization can spent money in a positive manner instead of with child(p) wages to those employees who are not useful for them.Another term is related to that is a company can accommodate prepare of more than one to a single person, it is ben eficial for them in case of one of the employees left the job who was working on a particular project then organization can recruit another employee from their own organization on the same post rather than finding another employee with the same skills, wasting time. Like this an organization can save a lot of time and money.More profit for the organizationsToday we can reduce the cost of organization with the effective use of information technology and the profitability of the organizations is increasing day by day with more ameliorate technologies. There are a lot of things to get more profit for instance, these days due to technology recruitment of people has been decreased. In past organizations had to recruit employees in a large number, their cannonball along of working was less, but organization had to pay them a lot of money without getting much profit. But these days because technology has developed on a large scale so a large part of work which was done by people in past, now days by developments in technology has been done by fewer employees in a very short time period. Due to advancement in technology many HR functions such as recruitment of employees can be performed with less usage of time and resources and organizations can find easily the right persons for their jobs.Another thing is organizations can always keep an eye on the performance of employees, due to this employee cannot shirk work. He gives his 100%. So like this an organization can get more profit, and more productivity.So all these are the positive impacts of Information technology and communication but there are some negative impacts also. So lets discuss those too.B) NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND TELECOMMUNICATIONSThere are many positive influences of speedily improving information technology but there also some negative effects of it. Due to the developments in this field of business every aspect has been changed, strategy of work, p lanning of work etc. and it is continuously changing even in present too. So for employees who are working with the honest-to-goodness techniques, it is hard to understand new techniques of working. Those organizations which do not adopt new method cannot meet the ever changing requirements of the industry and it is also very hard for an organization to find out right skilled person for them, because persons with the knowledge of latest technology are rare.Technology is directly affecting the functions of human resource management. So these all things are discussed hereCutting jobsAs we have discussed above that technology is very cheaper and very fast, by technology any type of work can be done quickly as compare to men. So in past a huge number of employees had been recruiting. But nowadays organizations need a few employees with proper skill. As custody planning a human being is referred as a machine in this technological era means if he is working or giving profit then its ok otherwise through him out. It is not fault of organizations or human beings rather it is the requirement of todays world. Because of technological developments organizations require less but skilled person for employment to compete the world. An organization cannot suffer the burden of overstaffing, because it is wastage of money, so organizations are cutting jobs. This action gives harassment to many people, especially to them who were old employees of the firm, having comparatively less knowledge of information technology, but now companies have to kick them out, so they do not have any other way of survival. People are compelled to study technology. The competition among todays generation has been increased. They have to do hard work to have a good job, but cutting in jobs harass them.Unsatisfied employees of the companyOrganizations are using advanced technology in their work to get more profit and to be more efficient but this makes many employees unsatisfied and angry with th e organization because they do not know about that technology and how to deal with that, and they also afraid of to lose their job. So it results in strike or other activities like this which affect the whole structure of the organization.The latest example is royal mails strike and strikes in bus and train departments because all these companies want to adopt new and advanced techniques but their employees are unsatisfied with them. The reason is same because they do not know how to deal with speedy changes in firms technology, they are also afraid of losing their jobs.Skill shortage for organizationsAs we know that using new technology in todays era is necessary for organizations, but to use that technology properly organizations need proper skilled persons for each project but there is a shortage of skilled persons for the organizations, because people are known to last techniques of work, and if an organization immediately decides to adopt new technology then it results in short age of skilled workers.For example, in last time period, Australian organization experienced growth in economic era, but suddenly they also faced crises due to the same problem of skill shortage as they want to adopt new technologies.So this thing is more challenging for the organizations, because on one time they have to consider about so many things, like they have to manage their staff properly, have to satisfy the needs of their staff, and have to maintain themselves in this private-enterprise(a) industry.Expenditure on employees for further trainingTo get employees with proper skills organizations have to train people themselves with new technology, it costs a lot. Organization spend a lot of money on the training of people, but it is not guaranteed that all of them who are taking training will be able to perform a good job, will stay in your company and work with you for long time. All these things are not guaranteed. Moreover, other thing is technology is changing day by day , so in future a new technology can be introduced so it will cost again for the organization to retrain their employees with these changes, so all these factors are affecting organizations.Hard to do for old peopleIf a company is adopting new technology, but its old employees who are working with them for a long time cannot tolerate this change because they are working with old techniques and new ones are difficult to understand for them. On the other hand, organizations also not want to train those people because they want to use new ideas from new generation and if organization will train those old people then it will cost them a lot because those people are near to retirement and spending money on them will be wastage.Next thing is due to changes in technology organizations are transforming people to one side to another side. So it irritates them a lot and results in strike etc.PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENTPerformance management is the treat of creating a work environment or setting in which people are enabled to perform to the best of their abilities. Performance management is a whole work system that begins when a job is defined as needed. It ends when an employee leaves your organization.Many writers and consultants are using the term performance management as a substitution for the conventional appraisal system. I encourage you to think of the term in this broader work system context.A performance management system includes the following actions.Develop dispatch job descriptions.Select appropriate people with an appropriate selection dish up.Negotiate requirements and accomplishment- found performance standards, outcomes, and measures.vProvide effective orientation, education, and training.Provide on-going coaching and feedback.As companies reorganize to gain competitive edge, human resources plays a key role in helping companies deal with a fast-changing competitive environment and the greater demand for quality employees.Effectively managing and utilizin g people.increase the innovation, creativity and flexibility necessary to enhance competitiveness.Applying new approaches to work process design, succession planning, career development and inter-organizational mobility.Managing the execution of instrument and integration of technology through improved staffing, training and communication with employees.PROBLEM STATEMENTTo explore how much information technology is deeply rooted in the organization and effect the efficiency of employees in ICI Paints.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYTo find out the impacts of information technology on the ICI paints.To see the impact of independent variables i.e., data processing, work burden, record keeping, on the dependent variable efficiency of employees in ICI Paints.In this study researcher try to find out to what extent the work has become soft because of the use of computer based information technology in ICI Paints.HYPOTHESISH1Information Technology is designed to make people more effective and ef ficient when performing daily activities.HoInformation Technology is not designed to make people more effective and efficient when performing daily activities.SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYIt has great advantage for H.R. It is useful for human resource department as well as executive level management. It has benefit of future and future decisions. It is useful for common people who are working in Human Resource Department and Accounts Department. It is helpful for maintaining records and retrieving records. It gives analysis reports of the employees. It helps for H.R managers for hiring the new employees in particular job.PURPOSE OF THE STUDYPurpose of this research is to understand and to analyze the process of development of I.T to enhance the efficiency of H.R, so as to have better understanding of the MIS and to make an informed judgment about the future decisions. The purpose of this military rank is to diagnose strengths and weaknesses of the process of development of I.T in HRM. Main purpose is to achieve future objectives of the organization.CHAPTER2LITERATURE REVIEWTo understand the nature of the IT impact on human resource and firm performance, we must consider the fit between the characteristics of the IT and the users tasks (Goodhue and Thompson 1995). Since the primary responsibility of professionals in public accounting firms involves information-intensive activities (Auditing Concepts Committee ACC 1972) such as gathering, organizing, processing, evaluating, and presenting data, the use of IT is likely to improve the productivity of accounting professionals (Pinsonneault and Rivard 1998). Teamwork is critical in a public accounting firm as scrutinize engagements are performed by aggroups dispassionate of professionals at unlike ranks. Therefore, the use of groupware technology is also expected to improve work collaboration and communication within teams, and thus enhance their productivity (Ellis et al. 1991).Although previous IT research has ex amined the impact of IT investments on firm performance in different industries such as manufacturing (Barua et al. 1995), banking (Parsons et al. 1993), insurance (Francalanci and Galal 1998), healthcare (Menon et al. 2000), and retailing (Reardon et al. 1996), empirical research has not examined the professional services industry, such as public accounting firms, in which information and knowledge work play a prominent role. Hence, examining the impact of IT implementation on public accounting firm productivity is of considerable interest to both academic inquiry and practice.Exploration of the productivity impact of IT implementation requires the actualisation that the conversion from IT expenditure to business performance enhancement is a longitudinal process (Soh and Markus 1995). Proper IT management is essential to convert IT expenditure to IT assets. Appropriate use of IT assets generates organizational innovations and redesigned business processes, and favorable competitiv e dynamics enable improved organizational performance due to these organizational innovations.Davern and Kauffman (2000) extended this IT conversion process installment to emphasize the importance of considering the impact of IT planning and selection activities on realized IT value. A few field studies have explored the longitudinal IT conversion process to identify the factors at different points of the process that determine the success of IT adoption.Venkatesh and Davis (2000) found that at different time points before and after IT implementation, factors such as subjective norm, voluntariness, job relevance, and output quality consistently influence users perceptions about the usefulness of the systems. Bergeron and Raymond (1997) reported that organizational support, implementation process, and control procedures impacted the initial realization of benefits from Electronic selective information Inter exchange (EDI) adoption, but three years later, only organizational support and control procedures remained significant. While these studies have examined factors that may impact the IT value cosmea process, they did not estimate the improvement in firm performance, if any, due to IT implementation.Lucas et al. (1996) conducted a case study of the introduction of a financial imaging system at Merrill Lynch. Comparing the data flow diagrams of the old and the new business processes, they identified changes in organization structure, workflows, and operations. They reported improvement in customer service and decrement in costs. However, they did not conduct any statistical evaluation of improvement in firm performance after IT implementation.Some cross-section(a) studies of IT impact have compared the business performance of firms with IT to those without IT, and statistically estimated the impact. Using data from Hardees fast food chain, Banker et al. (1990) compared the performance of the restaurants deploying the Positran technology (a computerized cash register point-of-sale and order-coordination technology) to those without Positran. They found that the use of the Positran technology is associated with a significantly greater productivity for stores with high diversity of sales. Analyzing data for 107 banks, Pennings (1995) found that the banks with ATM adoptions incurred significantly less non personnel operating expenses than those without.There are several IT productivity studies that evaluate the contribution of IT as an stimulation factor in the production function, for example, Brynjolfsson and Hitt (1995) and Barua and Lee (1997) estimated the economic production function using cross-sectional data to evaluate the marginal contribution of IT on output. Wang et al. (1997) and Shafer and Byrd (2000) employed DEA to evaluate the role of IT investments in firm production. Our research differs from this stream of research in dickens important ways. We consider EU adoption as an event and evaluate the extent to which it shift s the production function for a firm, instead of the marginal contribution of the IT input that differs cross-sectional. Thus, we make a longitudinal instead of cross-sectional comparison of the impact of IT implementation.For IT to positively impact a users performance there should be a good fit between the IT and the users tasks (Goodhue 1995). In addition, training is a significant determinant of the IT users effectiveness (Igbaria 1990). The FIRM has designed the new IT program to fit the requirements of its professionals, and enforced the training in the use of the software. Our field interviews suggest that the IT changes had a positive impact on the auditors performance. Since an audit team is composed of professionals at different ranks (such as managers, higher-rankings, and juniors) with different job responsibilities (Carmichael and Willingham 1989), IT adoption may benefit audit professionals at different ranks in different ways.IT Impact on AuditorsThe primary tasks th at junior auditors perform are assigned audit procedures and preparation of working papers. Most of these tasks are relatively repetitive and involve substantial calculations and referencing across different accounts. Computer applications can modify such structured tasks and substantially reduce the processing time (Abbe and King 1988). In addition, the reducing in monotone work allows individuals to concentrate on more complex tasks and enhance their individual performance (Giuliano 1982). Our field interviews indicate that the principal benefits to a junior auditor from the IT changes are the savings in effort and the reduction in errors afforded by the electronic preparation of working papers. Incorrect computation is one of the major causes for misstatement (Bell et al. 1998), and by reducing such errors IT use also benefits other audit team members. A junior auditor describes his experience using the new computerized systems as followsThe most important benefit to me is that I can develop the working papers electronically. Without the computer, I have to write down all the numbers by hand and make difficult calculations using a calculator. sometimes I need to repeat the same immersion several times on different sheets. For example, the amount of cash may appear on the rest period sheet, the working trial balance, the cash flow schedule, the bank reconciliation and so on, and all the numbers are the same or related. I have to be very careful when I write those numbers down. It is very tedious However, using the audit software, I only need to key in the entry once and make the appropriate choice. Then, all the related numbers are generated automatically and cross-referenced, and there is no need to punch any keys on a calculator. With a computer, my working hours on an engagement can be reduced by more than half of that without the computer.As the middle-level member of an audit team, a senior auditor assists in audit plan development, organization of a udit activities, and supervision and review of the work of junior auditors. The firms audit software organized all required audit procedures in a common list and cross-referenced them to items in the working papers. Since electronic presentation of information facilitates users information acquisition (Jones et al. 1993), a senior auditor is likely to benefit from the convenient information gathering and organization enabled by the new software. A senior in the FIRM describes her favorite IT jockstrap as followsI like to use the audit software to edit my audit plan and programs. It helps me get organized. The software lists all the necessary planning items for me, so I dont need to worry about missing an important element. All related forms are available by clicking a button, which is really convenient. In addition, we also have a database of document templates that I can use for almost all occasions.IT Impact on ManagersAs supervisors and reviewers, audit managers do not benefit d irectly from the audit automation process, except for the convenience of computer-based presentation of information. Analyzing survey data from 260 public managers, Kraemer et al. (1993) found that managers perceived computer-based information to be more useful. Since the firms audit software organizes all audit evidence collected by juniors and seniors in an electronic format, audit managers are likely to be more effective when reviewing such data. Since the order of audit working paper documentation can impact the decision of the reviewers (Ricchiute 1992), electronic working papers that comply with a regular organization should provide more consistent audit decision quality. An audit manager expresses his support for electronic working papers as followsI dont use many functions of electronic working paper software. I just review its output. However, I do enjoy the neat screen output because everything is clear. Also, every item is cross-referenced which makes it easy for me to tr ace them. I can easily switch around and search for the items I want to see.In the Notes, the FIRM includes various local and international databases regarding companies, industries, and regulations. Managers can easily search for information relevant to a certain client to help them perform analytical review (Cohen et al. 2000). In addition, the information in the databases is more reliable and objective (Reimers and Fennema 1999). The FIRM has also created some exclusive case databases that can be shared by its professionals. Such knowledge-sharing applications have been found to improve the quality of decision making (Orlikowski 1997). A manager describes his experience as followsOur Notes database has helped me increase my professional knowledge. We share our case experience, and business regulations using the database. It helps a lot in problem solving and keeps me updated on the current trend.IT Impact at the Business Process LevelA current trend is to create a paperless offic e environment that replaces paper documents with electronic documents so that information can be accessed easily and with much less effort. In the practitioner-oriented literature, advantages of a paperless office in improving work efficiency and reducing operating costs have been reported (Hunton 1994). Together with the audit software, the FIRM created a client database to store all related audit files for each client. The documents in the database can be easily retrieved by a search function or with associated links. Consequently, auditors in the same team can share audit files and significantly reduce the coordination effort of the senior auditors (Salamasick et al. 1995). An audit senior at the FIRM also observed that database storage allows quick reference and modification from previous audit plans and reports for the client and, consequently, work hours for a client can be reduced significantly. In addition, the FIRM uses Notes as a tool to manage internal resources and docum ents to save time and increase effectiveness.IT Impact at the Work Group LevelA professional service firm stands to benefit substantially from the knowledge-sharing applications (Vandenbosch and Ginzberg 1996). The Professional Development Department in the FIRM updates the Notes database everyday and communicates the update to everyone by email. To encourage audit professionals to collaborate, a Question and exercise electronic bulletin board in the Notes was set up for the discussion of all types of work-related questions. The Professional Development Department checks the board periodically and ensures responses to all the questions. net income applications that enable real-time information circulation can also facilitate communications efficiency in a public accounting firm (Zarowin 1994). Email is the most important network application for the professionals in the FIRM to communicate with each other, clients, and overseas colle