Management accounting and decision making Essay

According to Burger (2008) â€Å"Accounting is the language of business. A lot of people think it’s just numbers, but it’s really a lot more than that. There are a lot of areas outside of numbers that need to be looked at, processes and procedures, what the tone of the company is. Accounting will take you in just about any direction in a company.† ~ Wade Becker, CPA, Beard, Miller Co. The job description of many professions is changing nowadays. The skills to perform a certain job require more skills to perform a particular job. If an example of Information Technology is to be taken then it is realized that once they were left to do IT related jobs or make computers work however, in today’s world IT professionals are now moving into higher level management positions which require them to perform many other tasks which may not be directly related to the their profession. Therefore, a stereotypical role of an accountant was once considered a â€Å"number person† but today’s era demands accounting professional to own and use interactive and communication skills to help with the decision making process across all areas of a business. In a managerial accounting world all professionals must communicate their ideas to other companies using ways which are tactful and effective. Siegel (2000) states that â€Å"Management accountants should be great communicators.† Durry C (1992) believes that management accounting is â€Å"concerned with providing information to managers –that is people inside an organization who direct and control the operations.† In the 19th Century financial accounting was considered to be the need of a society which later evolved to Management accounting. Management accounting became a prerequisite for more detailed information for stock control, product costing and decisions affecting the future. Accou nting is facing numerous challenges, as Elkington (1998) states â€Å"business people must increasingly recognise that the challenge now is to help to deliver simultaneously economic prosperity, environmental quality and social equity.† All this is making business managers to re-examine the practices that are currently led. Cokins G and Hicks D believe that Managerial accounting is part of an organisations management information system. To follow any business or an organisation aim managers engage in activities which involve an effective cost model as it can be a great asset to an organisation. A business or projects to be a success or failure three things need to be considered, for  example, cost, schedule and performance. A project should be continued within the means provided otherwise stakeholders struggle to finance the project and its abandoned. A success of a manager is when appropriate tools are employed and sound safe decisions are made and follow on with applying substantial level of expertise to have effective cost management. The world today is surrounded by increasingly advanced technology such as computer assisted manufacturing and flexible manufacturing systems. According to Cokins and Hicks organizations to compete effectively need to understand the cost of each product or element of their value chain from product design and purchase of material therefore internal cost is very important as mentioned in Cokins and Hicks article because it becomes critical for competitive action and increasing shareholders wealth in the current globally competitive economy. Management accounting systems are the benefactors of the precarious internal cost information. There has been few criticisms leading to the literature of Management accounting system and it has been labeled outdated and there has been criticisms linked to its consistency as it has been thought that it does not provide consistent information with the current strategic management paradigm. Cokins and Hicks believe that systems designs elements should capture the fundamental technology, promote a business based on effective cost model, quality and lead time. Precise and appropriate cost information is critical to management’s decision making procedures (Cokins and Hicks) and the literature being studied reveals Management accounting system reflects the organizational complications of the current world however traditional Management accounting systems do not replicate current organizational era as all costing procedures were designed around late nineteenth century. In traditional era product line diversity was not very common and cost of materials and direct labour were the main components of production cost but the environment today is surrounded around advanced technology and automation and that has led the prime cost to be the overhead component. The overhead costs are altering product cost because of the old management accounting system techniques. Management accounting needs a unique set of skills and behaviour. According to Cokins and Hicks Accounting Management framework gives business a planned approach to address all factors that will manage accounts interface and todays reality. Cooper and Kaplan believe there are six critical factors which play a crucial role  in Accounting Management framework which also backs Cokins and Hicks journal being studied for this assignment. The first one is organizational structure. It includes factors such as whom and how you manage accounts, why and how you organize around them. The second account management success factor is people as they need the appropriate skills, knowledge and skills to experience and perform the role. The third factor is tools and technology as it must support the account management processes and must balance â€Å"help† as â€Å"control.† The fourth one is compensations structures as they can inhibit change or accelerate adoption. The fifth account management success factors are processes and methodologies as they should align with the customer, drive growth and opportunity plan and the last factor channels and alliances must be managed effectively through the account manager interface.it is up to an organization to structure their useful employees around their key customers and that can create a deep impact on their performance. First few deliberate decisions need to be taken in terms of placement of accounts management resources such as market and territory. Cokins and Hicks believe management team need to plan using methodology a number of factors to create a ranking based on the business goal for the affiliation and ability to deliver. Once these methodologies are selected they can play a vital role in team structure and it will help to deal with issues such as ownership or shareholders Cokins and Hicks discuss the difference between cost accounting and managerial accounting and the strength of their article is that managerial accounting is tied with GAAP whereas cost accounting is used within a business to manage that particular business. Accounting standards of a country provide guidelines to an accountant so they can be used while reporting economic transactions of a business. United Kingdom accounting has improved a lot as mentioned in the journal being studied for this particular assignment. Managers have immense pressure to improve financial management practices to improve service to the community and it is not only done on national level. Managerial accountants have to keep accountant standards fair globally and that is mainly done through Accounting Standards Committee. â€Å"What gets measured gets managed, What needs managed gets measured† (Peter Drucker) famous quotes has cause many criticisms but if the practices and development mentioned in Cokins and Hicks journal are to be analyzed, one can conclude this quote has some truth. Managers of a business  often use this quote indicates that active management of businesses should be given importance instead of accountability to gain desired goals. It w ill lead to survive in today’s world of information age competition therefore businesses should ensure they are using management systems resulting from their strengths. Any business main task is to develop an active measurement system as it is main part of the management process. Good management practices lead to using certain measures to plan, implement and improve certain aspects of an organization. According to Kaplan, (1994) measurement is a difficult task because it is not related to science so there are no facts and does not have rules between variables. Furthermore, systems which are used by management accountants will make sure that actions are taken according to the strategies and objectives developed. There has been an immense amount of research on management accountants and the research evidence has proved that businesses which are using a developed measurement system are developing and gaining profits therefore, Gates (1991) states â€Å"an organizations objectives and severity of measures, varies, depending on people, culture and past experiences of the organization.† The management accountant was developed after 1980s and it was seen a golden era in management accounting research as it saw new techniques and practices beneficial to the management accounting. One of the techniques developed in 80s was strategic management accounting and some of the processes which fall under the category of strategic management accounting are activity based costing and balance scorecard. The balance scorecard emerged after it was realized that there is a need of an integrated system which can be used to measure both financial and non-financial performances. It helps companies to view their performances on a regular basis and it gave a clear view of what should be measured in order to balance a particular business financial perspectives. The balance score card consists of four functions known as learning and growth perspective. It means how to achieve a certain organizations goals and how will a business will sustain its ability to change and improve. the second perspective is financial and its aim is to succeed financially and is mainly concerned with making a good impression to shareholders. Another perspective is based on customers as they can determine sales and to achieve business goals a good impression is to be made upon customers. The last perspective is known as internal business  processes. It mainly deals with how to satisfy customers and shareholders and what business processes must a certain business excel as. (Kaplan and Norton:1996) Balance scorecard is one of the necessities for any organization and it is used by the management to accomplish vision and strategies of an organization and it has few other benefits too such as, making sure managers are managing every single variable within an organization and are not working upon favoritism. If more developments are to be discussed and strength of Cokins and Hicks journal than one must not forget one of the major development in an accounting field known as Activity-based costing. Kaplan and Cooper gave this idea a new beginning as it was not very well known in previous years. According to Kaplan (1996) manufacturing costs are determined by amount of â€Å"activities† and the key to effective cost control is maintaining the effectiveness of the act ivities ABC recognizes better cost pools for indirect costs and then implies cost drivers to relate the expenses in the cost pools to activities of an organization. ABC has become more popular in recent years but faces a lot of criticisms too due to the fact that sometimes businesses face difficulties in implementing this technique. ABC is enhanced further by Activity-based management as they believe in planning and measurement and class them as key factors in a competitive business environment. To conclude, If an organization has accounts managers or not a success can only be achieved if a successful profile is valued. It can be done through an industry as it will help determine to what extent an account manager is an industry expert and the second is through customers as it is vital for an accountant to understand the businesses being worked upon. The profession Accountancy has seen many developments and criticisms however, since 1980s there has been many changes in management accountancy. The new changes are focusing on measurement tools within a business to manage its aims and objectives. Management techniques are discussed briefly in this essay and they emphasize on Cokins and Hicks journal that management decisions can be made better by using effective management measurement tools and it leads to improving the management of an organization. There can be problem with new measurement techniques as nothing in life comes with a guarantee however, new ideas can be used on the basis of guess work and the new contributions could be a way forward.

Two Methods of Losing Weight

Two Methods of Losing Weight Teri Holland-Hill Com/155 November 11, 2012 Meghan A. Anderson A high protein diet and exercise vs. Gastric bypass are two different approaches to the same conclusion, one involves major surgery the other a lifestyle change. A newsletter from the Wolfe Clinic stated that by the end of an average lifetime, a person would have consumed between 60,000 and 100,000 pounds of food. It would be good to know, that eating that amount of food is more healthy than not. Maintaining a high protein diet combined with exercise is important to a person’s health. I.Visiting the Doctor First A. Asking the right questions B. Lab Work II. High Protein Diet A. More meat, Less Vegetables and Carbohydrates B. Number of Meals A Day C. When To Eat III. Exercise A. How Many Times a Week B. Exercise Programs Home or Gym IV. Gastric Bypass A. The History of Gastric Bypass B. The Cost Visiting the Doctor Before beginning any diet and exercise program, it is important to see th e doctor, ask questions, and pass a health exam before proceeding. In order to be successful in the execution of a plan, the groundwork must be laid and have a solid foundation.Asking the right questions and formulating a plan or a roadmap is important when beginning to develop a weight loss plan. Not all body types can succeed on the same weight loss plan, some need more diet changes and some need more exercise. Once the doctor has gathered all the information and he has answered all questions, the next step would be lab work. The lab work will make sure there is no underlying condition that may slow things down. High Protein Diet Researchers have stated that high protein diets are the most popular because they do a better job of satisfying hunger than fats and carbohydrates.Participants in a study published by the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition reported higher weight loss when they deleted 20% of the fat from their total calories, 30% protein was increased, and 50% account ed for carbohydrates. That is still a high ratio of carbohydrates but as long as there is an exercise plan to go along with the diet, burning them off should be no problem. Another point to consider is number of meals to consume each day. Eating smaller meals more often may be better for a person’s particular metabolism. Life is fluid.We never know what is going to transpire when we will wake in the morning, so having an adjustable diet plan might be important. Other variables to consider are energy level, stress levels, and getting enough rest. One must maintain a high enough energy level to keep going throughout the day. Managing stress levels and making sure to get enough rest each night will go a long way to helping achieve definite weight loss goals. The key is to make every effort to maintain the diet once it is started, bearing in mind to keep it skewed towards higher levels of protein.Many have asked the question, when is a good time to eat, before exercising or after ? According to experts and researchers in the field, it is advantageous to feed the body before and after exercising, as this is most beneficial in helping to burn more calories. Some people will skip meals because they think they will lose weight faster, but the body goes into a survival mode drawing protein from the muscles, therefore causing loss of muscle mass. With the proper diet and the correct number of meals, the liver and kidneys are where the protein is normally stored.So if the subject is consistently missing meals when exercising, not only are they slowing metabolism but also depriving the body of the fuel it needs to complete the workout, thus sending the body to another source for protein, the muscles. Therefore, loss of muscle mass minus protein equals a slow metabolism, which makes it harder to lose weight. When eating, the meal should not be too heavy while still providing enough energy for the workout. The meal should include complex carbohydrates and a protein. S ome examples of meals are brown rice, which has a nutty flavor, broccoli, and beans are a good source of protein.For snacks, try apples, nuts, bananas, and even a good fiber bar etc. Stay away from processed foods and packaged foods as they have too many chemicals that the body does not need. It can be as simple as eating a hamburger without the bun or baked chicken instead of fried. There is a multitude of sources for protein, it is all about keeping an open mind and trying not to limit them. Exercise A question that seems asked quite often is â€Å"how often should a person exercise? † This all depends on what one wants to accomplish.If a person is looking to build muscle, working out every day is what they will have to commit to or if they just want to get in shape, once every three days for about two months is good. However, if one has never worked out, or it has been years since they have worked out, they need to take things slowly and not rush. Pacing oneself and if the y need to stop or cannot finish the whole workout, that is ok. It is better to be safe than sorry! Exercise Programs: Home or Gym Another question that seems to be on the minds of some is â€Å"where is the best place to exercise? This is a simple answer exercise wherever is the most comfortable surroundings. Whether it is going to a gym or exercising at home, the environment should be conducive to achieving a positive outcome. Gastric Bypass Not everyone can lose weight simply by diet and physical exercise some have to take a more radical approach. One example would be Gastric Bypass surgery. This type of surgery is for morbidly obese people who have tried losing weight on their own but have run into roadblocks or through no fault of their own cannot accomplish their goal.For these people there is a procedure called Gastric Bypass. Although it was first attempted in the 1950s it is only recently, within the last 15 years or so that it has become popular as an extreme measure for w eight loss. As with any surgical procedure, gastric bypass surgery is a serious undertaking that the doctor will approve when all other weight loss attempts have failed. Additionally, gastric bypass should probably only be performed in cases where the person is 100 pounds overweight or more.It is important to make sure that the patient is willing to follow through after the procedure and change their diet and eating habits, as well as getting more exercise. In a recent study of gastric bypass surgeries with a five year follow up, of 88. 6% of patients contacted, 93% of obese or morbidly obese patients and 57% in super obese patients managed to keep the weight off. The average cost of gastric bypass surgery is between $25,000 and $35,000 dollars, with complications in some cases driving the cost even higher.Unfortunately, this is an extreme hardship financially for those without insurance to cover the procedure. Conclusion We have looked at a couple of different methods of weight los s. One involves behavior modification in terms of diet, meal planning, and exercise, the other involves a more radical surgical procedure. Either way the benefits to the patient will be a healthier lifestyle and a longer lifespan. Each patient is an individual and the type of plan that works with one, may not work with another.Flexibility, desire, determination, and responsibility are all important if the patient desires a successful, positive outcome to their weight loss plan.References American Journal of Clinical Nutrition http://ajcn. nutrition. org (n. d. ) retrieved from http://WebMD. com/diet/guide/high-protein-diet-weight-loss Annals of Surgery 2000 April; 231(4)524-528 http://ncbi. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC1421028 MacLean, L. MD, FACS, Nohr, C. MD, FACS, Rhodes, B. PDt, MSc (Nutr), FDC Wolfe Clinic (n. d. ) retrieved from http://thewolfeclinic. com

Companies Within The Internet Industry - 1871 Words

Industry Summary Companies within the internet industry are built to produce content or provide services to deliver content according to the search queries of the end user. Companies or persons that create content on the internet range from a simple â€Å"Mommy blogger† to major corporations. As mentioned above, there are large companies that build search engines for people to find specific content that they desire. These companies include Microsoft (Bing), Yahoo!, Google, and Facebook. Products within the industry vary from search engines, to internet marketing platforms, to content creation (i.e. blog posts, videos, social media platforms, news, etc.). This industry is currently catering to the use of 3 billion plus users on a daily basis.†¦show more content†¦As this industry has evolved over the years, it has become a major part of today’s society through the improvement of search engines, social media, and the ability to access any sort of information that exists in the world in a very short amount of time. Overall Industry Growth: Analysis of the Industry Key Trends Company Growth Plateaus: It is common in the industry for companies to have rapid growth in the beginning of their lives through the excitement of â€Å"the start-up† process and development. However, there comes a point where companies need to have branded themselves well enough for them to stick in the minds of the consumers and it becomes increasingly difficult to grow. It is much easier to gain market share when the new â€Å"cool† idea hits the market but it is much more difficult to maintain that level of growth as the consumer â€Å"gets used to† the company platform. (I.e. Facebook growth from 2008 – 2009 wat 186% but then from 2011 – 2012 growth was only 43%) Importance of Branding: It is becoming increasingly more important for companies to brand themselves so that they stand out to the customer. This has more recently become more difficult to do as the internet becomes flooded with more and more content daily. The average consumer can be captivated by one viral article or video one day but forget about it tomorrow. Advertising: This is where the internet industry is able to make most of its income. Companies like

What Makes Crazy Bulk - 1722 Words

If you are a bodybuilder or weight trainer either competitively or as a hobby, the line of products from Crazy Bulk can add an edge to your performance and appearance. If you are looking for a beach ready body or simply to improve your strength and conditioning to take your workouts to the next level, keep reading for more information about the Crazy Bulk. Crazy Bulk can deliver the results you have been looking for with their safe and effective products. Warning: If you are looking for a magic product to do all of the work for you with unrealistic claims, this is not the product for you. If you are willing to work hard and seek a product perfectly equipped to assist you, read on for more information! So many athletes are trying to increase their mass and downing product after product to no avail. This is partly because they are looking for a quick fix and aren’t willing to do the work it takes to get there, and partly because we all know not all claims we read are true. The work you put in is the most important aspect of your bodybuilding routine. If you know you are already giving in fullest to your workouts and have hit a plateau or want to improve your performance, you may be looking for supplements to help you achieve your goals. You will need a product line that is safe and effective, not something that promises wild claims of overnight transformation. Crazy Bulk is simply heads above the rest in cutting edge nutrition and bulking. In this review, I will give youShow MoreRelatedHigh Performance Athletes Concerned With Optimum Muscle Growth And Repair Essay1404 Words   |  6 PagesWinidrol Winidrol Crazy Bulk Winidrol contains benefits specifically tailored to high performance athletes concerned with optimum muscle growth and repair. Winidrol provides a measurable increase in strength and speed and reduces body fat while improving the retention of nitrogen during protein synthesis for use in cell replacement and tissue regeneration. Additional nitrogen is necessary to increase the ability to build muscle. Additionally, Winidrol can increase blood flow and improves cardiovascularRead MoreWhat Are The Products?2060 Words   |  9 PagesWhat Are The Products? I will walk you through a few of the Crazy Bulk products to explain how and why they work. Rest assured that all of the products on the website are equally effective, safe and practically amazing. D Bal D Bal Crazy Bulk D Bal uses scientific research on how muscles function to deliver effective support to athletes. It will assist your muscles in achieving elevated protein synthesis by retaining the most nitrogen possible and creating an optimum anabolic state within yourRead MoreEssay about Is Hamlet Mad or Mad in Craft?1123 Words   |  5 PagesClaudius for the murder of his father. Hamlet also states a second time that he is not in fact crazy. While talking to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, Hamlet says, I am but mad north north-west. 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While some critics argue that Hamlet is truly insane, he is undoubtedly a genius strategist because he discloses to Guildenstern and Rosencrantz — his lifelong friends — he is simply acting insane, he executes his plan in the appropriateRead MoreLow Pressure Systems Research Paper1406 Words   |  6 Pagesbeing atmospheric â€Å"blocks† both systems began to move towards the Eastern Coast. On February 8th, forecasters began conversing what would happen to these systems and predicted that the system linked with the subtropical jet stream would intensify and absorb the system linked with the polar jet stream. 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Art Is a Lie That Brings Us Closer to the Truth - 1227 Words

â€Å"Art is a lie that brings us closer to the truth†- Pablo Picasso Yes, I have tricks in my pocket; I have things up my sleeve. But I am the opposite of a stage magician. He gives you illusion that has the appearance of truth. I give you truth in the pleasant disguise of illusion. Art is exactly the same: it portrays the truth in the form of a camouflage of words, colour, and speech. People say that art is an imitation of reality; however, it is in fact the total opposite. Reality is restricted by the laws of nature, but art isn’t. It is boundary-less; it can be an exaggeration of reality, it can be the total opposite of reality, it can even be something that is incomprehensible to everybody but the artist. Art is a manifestation of our†¦show more content†¦A famous example in literature is the play Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen. A Doll’s House was one of the first in the feminist movement. It was set in a time when women were oppressed into little holes- they had no role in the Norwegian male dominant society. By the e nd of the play, Nora, the protagonist, leaves her husband to become independent. This is symbolical for the necessary change in the women’s role in society, at the time. Through this, Ibsen was able to use art to portray a message to society, so, can art also be considered as a language? It is in fact a language. It is the language of emotion, and at times, it can â€Å"speak louder than words† to bring about a greater sense of moral awareness. At times people may say that art helps us understand the experiences of others, it helps us understand the suffering other people may have gone through. This, however, isn’t true. The only way for someone to experience something is to be right there, in the moment. It cannot be through another source. This is an area where art fails to bring us closer to the truth, because at times the emotion of a real experience is far greater than if it was portrayed through literature, paintings or drama. After the world war there were many war movies made that were intended to make society understand the pain and suffering that the soldiers went through, but as a famous critic says â€Å"the only way to recapture the experiences of the war on film is to put a machineShow MoreRelatedâ€Å"Art Is a Lie That Brings Us Nearer to the Truth† (Pablo Picasso)1692 Words   |  7 PagesArt is different from most areas of knowledge primarily in terms of its objective and also the means by w hich it reflects, transforms and expresses them. For art, like philosophy, reflects the reality in its relationship with man, and represents the latter, his spiritual world, and the relations between the individuals and their interactions with the world. Pablo Picasso was known for representing his work in a non-realistic manner. However, the audience could relate to his works; Guernica is anRead MoreThe realm of arts in itself can be perceived as a paradoxical and subjective one, causing struggle1400 Words   |  6 Pages The realm of arts in itself can be perceived as a paradoxical and subjective one, causing struggle for people to come to a universal agreement on what art symbolizes and where its purpose lay. Despite this, we may draw a vague generalisation from the understanding of the majority population that art is a man-made/interpreted existent form, with purpose of communication - such as through words or paintings, to evoke some kind of mental response from an audience, meanwhile some kind of intrinsicRead MoreSystematic Organization in Learning674 Words   |  3 Pagesfruitful as arts are full of opinions and perspectives. It is difficult to systematize aspects of Arts that are based on personal Knowledge rather it is more subjectivity than propositional ways of knowing. Even if you can systematically organize things such as musical notes in music, the purpose of music is to communicate feelings and emotion, and this cannot be just done by reading the musical notes to play. The technique and intention of the performance included in it. Therefore system in Arts is notRead MoreStudy on the Falsities of Language and Human Interaction Essay2773 Words   |  12 PagesLanguage and Human Interaction This essay is an attempt to study the natural tendency of language to lie, and what it does to human interaction. I believe that we colour the truth in every occasion. One of the reasons for this is the referred natural tendency of language, others are social and psychological. In a way it is very human, it is something that our vigorous imagination forces us to do. 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Question: Disucss about the Internet Governing and Controlling Of Cyber-Crimes in United Arab Emirates. Answer: Introduction With the span time and the development of technology, the world has undergone huge changes that somehow left a huge impact on the people. These impacts are not positive all the time and as a result there are some adverse effects that causes harm to the society. Cyber-crime is one such expanding risks that is threatening the development of the technical growth of the country. The report here will discuss how cyber-crimes has disturbed the practice of internet in the United Arab Emirates triggering a serious concern for the people as well as for the government of the country and highlights the preventive measures and approaches that can be engaged to reduce such coercions in the future so that the citizens can operate these technologies for their growth in both socio-cultural and economic stage of the country (Al Neyadi et al., 2015). The report also forecasts prediction of such crimes in the future in case the government do not take much protective measures to control such risks. The report wraps up a self-reflection that addresses the influence of these crimes on the society of UAE and the vital efforts to reduce such problems. It also emphasizes the effective defensive actions that are implemented by the government to avoid such calamities. Results of the Study Description A current study by International Journal of Scientific Technology on the Internet Governance Cyber Crime in UAE has discovered that most of the people of UAE feel uncertain while retrieving the internet (Al Neyadi et al., 2015) as most of them had encountered persecutions while using internet. These threats are mostly intended at the personal information about property, governmental issues and many other serious secret issues damaging the reputation of the people. The study exposes that these cyber activities like offensive acts, issues regarding copyrights, terrorism acts, security of state and hatred for religion are the products of a few critical and serious issues which might have been faced by the criminal at certain periods of his life (Al Neyadi et al., 2015). The research that has been conducted here states that there are still people in the country who are still facing such offensive crimes due to their negligence about the cyber-crimes that has cropped up in the recent ye ars. The main purpose of this investigation is to identify the effective measures to govern and regulate the uses of internet among the citizen of the country to decrease the number of victims attacked by the cyber-crimes (Kahler, 2015) and it also prepares a list of laws and policies that are executed by the government to restrict the criminal offensive acts of cyber harassment. The report roughly furnishes the laws under which a person can be charged for breaking these rules and regulations and hence it is not clear enough for drawing any strong conclusion as all the categories are not specified properly. Understanding The research addresses the term internet governance which mainly implies the awareness on the application of new informative technology in the practice of communication and identifies the threats that intimidate these new technologies and disturbs the entire system of internet communication. From the research, it has been derived that the context cyber-crime encircles any illegal offences that deals with computers, internet and networking systems. The term internet governance includes the intricacy of implementing internet governance policies which can be categorized into five dimensional frame work namely- legal, social, economic, cultural and developmental. According to the research study, it has been acknowledged that most of the internet users in UAE have suffered an attack of online cyber-crime while accessing internet. These issues became more severe when there is no scope for identification or prove to identify the criminal. Since UAE is more vulnerable for its economic status throughout the world the cyber offences are often targeted to the citizens of the nation. Another reason for the attack of cyber-crimes is the over using of mobile phones by the citizens (DeNardis, 2012). Nowadays, with the increase of depending on the internet usages for every commercial and communication purposes, the different forms of cyber-crimes are increasing. Influence These illegal and illegitimate activities are all results of the carelessness of both the people of the nation and the government of the country. The protection and the safety of the people can be achieved by implementing certain government laws that checks the illegal action while accessing internet. Since most of the users access internet from their mobile phones, the users must install anti-virus services which will prevent the outflow of the data from the users device (Musiani et al., 2016). The UAE government has formed cyber-crime boards and organizational security that handles cyber-crimes. On the other hand, the police of Abu Dhabi have created Abu Dhabis State Security Apparatus and the department of Anti-Electronic Crimes that deals and investigates the cyber-crime to spy in the internet and its users (Pavan, 2012). Predictions In a nation like UAE, where the citizens are vulnerable to the attack of cyber-crime it is very likely that these can again take place in the long run. This is because the citizens of the country are still not completely aware of the cyber-crimes that the country is still fighting to eradicate and most of the users of the internet are minors who (Wall, 2015). Self-Reflections Observation The research which has been conducted here has revealed the weakness of UAE in creating a safe and secured network for its citizen. The observations that has been observed by me while conducting the research proved that the country is prone to the attack of cyber-crime as most of the internet users are not enough aware of the cyber security rules and regulations. In UAE, since most of the young users visits adult websites and gambling sites, the attackers get the access of the personal information of the user easily. Measures While performing this research, I have come up with some measures that are implemented by the government to protect the internet users. It can be prevented by limiting the access of the public internet services like Wi-Fi and installing anti-virus services in mobiles. References Al Neyadi, A., Al Kaabi, A., Al Kaabi, L., Al Ghufli, M., Al Shamsi, M., Khan, M. (2015) Internet Governance Cyber Crimes in UAE. DeNardis, L. (2012). Hidden levers of Internet control: An infrastructure-based theory of Internet governance.Information, Communication Society,15(5), 720-738. Kahler, M. (Ed.). (2015).Networked politics: agency, power, and governance. Cornell University Press. Musiani, F., Cogburn, D. L., DeNardis, L., Levinson, N. S. (Eds.). (2016).The turn to infrastructure in Internet governance. Springer. Pavan, E. (2012).Frames and connections in the governance of global communications: A network study of the internet governance forum. Lexington Books.

Grignard Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol Lab Report Essay Example

Grignard Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol Lab Report Paper A Grinded reagent is a type of ergonomically, which consists of a bond twine a metal and a carbon. There are three types of carbon-metal bonds: ionic, polar covalent, and covalent. The ionic bonded compounds (example: RNa) have a weak bond between the carbon and the metal, and are therefore not useful because they are so volatile, and they will react with nearly anything. The covalent bonded compounds (example: Rap) are toxic. The compounds that are polar covalent bonded are Grinded reagents and are useful in making carbon- carbon bonds and reducing carbonyl. Grinded reagents are any of the numerous organic derivatives of magnesium (MGM), commonly represented by the mineral formula Ramp (in which R is a hydrocarbon radical: CHI, CHI, CHI, etc. ; and X is a halogen atom, usually chlorine, bromine, or iodine). They are called Grinded reagents after their discoverer, French chemist Victor Grinded, who was a corrections of the 1912 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for this work (1). Grinded reagents commonly are prepared by reaction of an alkyl halide (RUG) with magnesium in a nitrogen atmosphere because the reagent is very reactive toward oxygen and moisture, which would cause the reagent to react with the water instead of any carbon atoms (2). Grinded reagents react with water to produce alkaline. This is the reason that everything has to be very dry during the preparation. Alkyl halides vary greatly in their rates of reaction with magnesium. For example, alkyl iodides generally react very rapidly, whereas most aryl chlorides react very slowly, if at all. We will write a custom essay sample on Grignard Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Grignard Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Grignard Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Their chemical behavior resembles that of carbonation species that contain a negatively charged carbon (:CHI). Grinded reagents are strong bases and strong nucleotides. Thus, the Grinded reagent methamphetamine bromide (Chamber) behaves as if it were equivalent to the method ion (:CHI-). Grinded agents are made through single electron transfers with magnesium and an alkyl halide. Grinded reagents are manufactured through the process of a radical reaction as shown below. Grinded reagents react with molecules to extend carbon-carbon chains through the attraction of a necrophilia carbon to an electroscopic carbon (necrophilia addition). The Grinded reagent can serve as a nucleoli because of the attraction between the slight negatives of the carbon atom in the Grinded reagent and the oppositeness of the carbon in the carbonyl compound. The Grinded reagent can oxidize a carbonyl functional group into a hydroxyl group. The metal is less electronegative than the carbon, so the carbon bears a partial negative charge. This partial negative charge attacks the carbonyl at the partially positive carbon, forms a new carbon-carbon bond, and pushes an electron pair out of the double bond into the lone pair position. The metal then attaches itself at the now negatively charged oxygen. This compound is then treated with an aqueous acid to propionate the oxygen and forms the hydroxyl group. Except for hydrocarbons, ethers, and tertiary amines, almost all organic compounds react with Grinded reagents. Many of these reactions are used for hemolytic purposes, notably those with carbonyl compounds (e. G. Leaderless, stones, esters, and call chlorides), with epoxies, and with halogen compounds of certain metals (e. G. , zinc, cadmium, lead, mercury) to form the alkyl derivatives of those metals. Grinded reagents react with water to form a strong base, and they can act as a nucleoli to find a primary alcohol as shown respectively below. Grinded reagents also react with the least hindered carbon on an epoxies to break the ring in order to relieve ring strain. A reaction of the Grinded reagent and carbon dioxide results in an acid, and action of a nitrite and a Grinded reagent produce a carbonyl via an amine intermediate. These are show below, respectively. Grinded reagents are reactive enough to also attach esters; however, two equivalents of the Grinded reagent are usually added because less then two equivalents leave a large quantity of enervative ester. This reaction forms a tertiary alcohol. Grinded reagents cannot be synthesized from alcohols because instead of reacting with the halide to form the Grinded reagent, the alcohol is deprecated. Grinded reagents also cannot be synthesized from molecules with a carbonyl group. Solvent choice is important in Grinded reagent formation. The solvent must be non-reactive with a negatively charged carbon (ex. Acetone or anything even slightly acidic), and the solvent cannot have a carbonyl group. The solvent must be a volatile solvent that provides a blanket of solvent over the reaction solution so that oxygen and moisture in the air are excluded from the reaction. Oxygen and moisture in the air are very slightly acidic and would disrupt the synthesis of a Grinded reagent. Anhydrous ether (ROR) is often used as a solvent in creating Grinded reagents because it keeps out water and oxygen, makes the complex soluble, and is non-reactive. Water and oxygen cause undesired side reactions. The oxygen in ether has a lone pair of electrons, which is attracted to the partially positive metal. The solvent helps the polar Grinded reagent dissolve by coordination. A dry reflux apparatus is used to heat a solution without gaining any water from the atmosphere. Reflux is the cycle of a liquid going through vaporization and condensation. In order to speed up reactions or to increase the solubility of a compound, chemists often times reflux reaction mixtures. This step implies hat the reaction mixture is brought to a boil. The lowest boiling compound in the mixture determines the temperature when this occurs, usually the solvent. It condenses and returns into the reaction vessel (3). There are some other benefits to using a reflux apparatus. First, molecules dissolve faster in heated liquids because the molecules are moving faster and thus collide faster and more often. Second, the heat needed to cause the solution to reflux is energy that can assist molecules in acquiring enough energy to overcome the activation energy barrier to go from liquid to vapor. The liquid in the flask boils, vaporizes, ND then hits the cool condenser and condenses back into the flask. The water running through the condenser keeps it cool and allows the vapors rising out of the reaction vessel to condense and drip back down into the solution. The Cacao in the drying tube keeps any water from the atmosphere from entering the system. The set up of a dry reflux apparatus is a round bottom flask clamped above a heating mantle with a condenser attached to the round bottom flask. A thermometer adapter is used to attach the drying tube to the condenser.